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Cited by 113vaccines and immunoinformatics approachesImmune responses and vaccinationsSARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research

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Current Challenges in Vaccinology

Open access
Kennedy, Richard B., Ovsyannikova, Inna G., Palese, Peter, Poland, Gregory A.·2020·Frontiers in Immunology
DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01181PMC PMC7329983
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Abstract

The development of vaccines, which prime the immune system to respond to future infections, has led to global declines in morbidity and mortality from dreadful infectious communicable diseases. However, many pathogens of public health importance are highly complex and/or rapidly evolving, posing unique challenges to vaccine development. Several of these challenges include an incomplete understanding of how immunity develops, host and pathogen genetic variability, and an increased societal skepticism regarding vaccine safety. In particular, new high-dimensional omics technologies, aided by bioinformatics, are driving new vaccine development (vaccinomics). Informed by recent insights into pathogen biology, host genetic diversity, and immunology, the increasing use of genomic approaches is leading to new models and understanding of host immune system responses that may provide solutions in the rapid development of novel vaccine candidates.

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Figure 1 Barriers to vaccine development. Vaccines are the most effective public health tool for controlling infectious diseases. Despite considerable success, there is room for improvement in many current vaccines and there are a large number of new and re-emerging pathogens for which we do not have effective vaccines. Vaccine development faces a number of challenges, many of which are presented here. Developing vaccines to combat current and future pathogens will require us to overcome those challenges and recent developments in genomic technologies may provide the solutions that we need.
Figure 1 Barriers to vaccine development. Vaccines are the most effective public health tool for controlling infectious diseases. Despite considerable success, there is room for improvement in many current vaccines and there are a large number of new and re-emerging pathogens for which we do not have effective vaccines. Vaccine development faces a number of challenges, many of which are presented here. Developing vaccines to combat current and future pathogens will require us to overcome those challenges and recent developments in genomic technologies may provide the solutions that we need.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 The use of vaccinomics in new vaccine development. A wide array of genomic tools and techniques are available for researchers to study various aspects of pathogen biology and host physiology and immune response. Vaccinomics and similar approaches represent toolboxes that contain a specific assortment of laboratory assays, statistical analysis routines, bioinformatic methods, and computational models that can be used to generate an appropriate dataset and extract biologically meaningful results from the data. GWAS, genome wide association study; bnAbs, broadly neutralizing antibodies.
Figure 2 The use of vaccinomics in new vaccine development. A wide array of genomic tools and techniques are available for researchers to study various aspects of pathogen biology and host physiology and immune response. Vaccinomics and similar approaches represent toolboxes that contain a specific assortment of laboratory assays, statistical analysis routines, bioinformatic methods, and computational models that can be used to generate an appropriate dataset and extract biologically meaningful results from the data. GWAS, genome wide association study; bnAbs, broadly neutralizing antibodies.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Contribution of genomics to vaccine development stages. The results generated by genomic approaches inform each stage of vaccine development. Initial genomics work plays a critical role in discovering new vaccine targets. This is followed by the characterization of these targets in terms of their ability to generate protective immune responses. Validation of the findings in genetically diverse populations is aided by information gained through genomics approaches. Finally, application of the findings assists in the design and completion of phase I–IV clinical trials.
Figure 3 Contribution of genomics to vaccine development stages. The results generated by genomic approaches inform each stage of vaccine development. Initial genomics work plays a critical role in discovering new vaccine targets. This is followed by the characterization of these targets in terms of their ability to generate protective immune responses. Validation of the findings in genetically diverse populations is aided by information gained through genomics approaches. Finally, application of the findings assists in the design and completion of phase I–IV clinical trials.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Kennedy, R. B., Ovsyannikova, I. G., Palese, P., & Poland, G. A.
Affiliations
  • Mayo Clinic (US)
  • Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
Corresponding author
Kennedy, Richard B.
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Immunology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2020-06-25
Volume
11
Pages
1181-1181
ISSN
1664-3224 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fimmu.2020.01181
PMC
PMC7329983
OpenAlex
W3033639218
Cited by
113
References
222
Citations by year
2026: 22 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 1
FWCI
1.10
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
National Institutes of Health (R01AI033144, R01AI121054, R01AI127365, R01AI132348, R01AI138965, R37AI048793, U01AI089859)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › vaccines and immunoinformatics approaches
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Keywords
vaccine development, vaccinomics, host genetic variation, host immune response, omics technologies, bioinformatics, infectious disease prevention, emerging pathogens
MeSH terms
Vaccinology, Animals, Communicable Disease Control, Humans, Vaccines, Computational Biology

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