Adult Vaccination as a Protective Factor for Dementia: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of Population-Based Observational Studies
Open accessAbstract
Background: Common vaccinations may have impacts on dementia risk, but current evidence is inconsistent. We therefore investigated the association between vaccinations and dementia risk by systematic review and meta-analysis approach. Methods: We conducted an extensive search of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science to identify studies that compared the risk of dementia in vaccinated versus unvaccinated populations. The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled as measures. Results: Of the 9124 records initially retrieved, 17 studies with 1857134 participants were included in our analysis. The overall pooled results showed that vaccinations were associated with a 35% lower dementia risk (HR=0.65, 95% CI: 0.60-0.71, P overall effect < 0.001; I 2 = 91.8%, P heterogeneity <0.001). All types of vaccination were associated with a trend toward reduced dementia risk, with rabies (HR=0.43), tetanus & diphtheria & pertussis (Tdap) (HR=0.69), herpes zoster (HR=0.69), influenza (HR=0.74), hepatitis A (HR=0.78), typhoid (HR=0.80), and hepatitis B (HR=0.82) vaccinations being significant. Individuals with more full vaccination types and more annual influenza vaccinations were less likely to develop dementia. Gender and age had no effect on this association. Conclusion: Routine adult vaccinations are associated with a significant reduction in dementia risk and may be an effective strategy for dementia prevention. Further research is needed to elucidate the causal effects of this association and the underlying mechanisms.
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Meta-analyses of observational studies suggest that vaccinations against rabies, tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis, herpes zoster, influenza, hepatitis A, typhoid and hepatitis B are associated with lower dementia risk, although this may be partly due to confounding factors.
“Meta-analyses of observational studies suggest that vaccinations against rabies, tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis, herpes zoster, influenza, hepatitis A, typhoid and hepatitis B are associated with lower dementia risk, although this may be partly due to confounding factors as people who receive vaccinations may have different health behaviours and access to health care compared to those who do not.(”
From Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet standing Commission (2024) · cites this paper as [359]
A nationwide Swedish study did not find a higher incidence of dementia in 7992 individuals with caries and periodontal disease than 29,182 matched controls over 7.6 years.
“A nationwide Swedish study controlling for demographic, socioeconomic and wider health conditions of people aged 40 to 80, did not find a higher incidence of dementia in 7992 individuals with caries and periodontal disease than 29,182 matched controls over 7.6 years.(367)”
From Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet standing Commission (2024) · cites this paper as [367]
The Results, under Description of the Included Studies (page not provided), describe studies of vaccination and dementia, including a Taiwanese cohort of periodontitis patients. A search for the Swedish caries-and-periodontal-disease study, its sample sizes, and its 7.6-year follow-up found no passage addressing the claimed comparison or outcome. (LLM, conf=0.78)
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- Authors
- Wu, X., Yang, H., He, S., Xia, T., Chen, D., Zhou, Y., Liu, J., Liu, M., & Sun, Z.
- Affiliations
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (CN)
- Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine (CN)
- University of South China (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Sun, Zhen
- Venue
- Frontiers in Immunology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2022-05-03
- Volume
- 13
- Pages
- 872542-872542
- ISSN
- 1664-3224 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9110786
- OpenAlex
- W4225332040
- Cited by
- 73
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 3
- FWCI
- 2.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Keywords
- adult vaccination, dementia risk, dementia prevention, rabies vaccination, Tdap vaccination, herpes zoster vaccination, influenza vaccination, hepatitis A vaccination, typhoid vaccination, hepatitis B vaccination, protective factors
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Dementia, Diphtheria, Humans, Influenza, Human, Vaccination, Protective Factors
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