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Cited by 87Spinal Cord Injury ResearchMesenchymal stem cell researchNerve injury and regeneration

Mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of spinal cord injury: Mechanisms, current advances and future challenges

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Xia, Yuanliang, Zhu, Jianshu, Yang, Ruohan, Wang, Hengyi, Li, Yuehong, Fu, Changfeng·2023·Frontiers in Immunology
DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1141601PMC PMC9999104
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Abstract

Spinal cord injury (SCI) has considerable impact on patient physical, mental, and financial health. Secondary SCI is associated with inflammation, vascular destruction, and subsequent permanent damage to the nervous system. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have anti-inflammatory properties, promoting vascular regeneration and the release neuro-nutrients, and are a promising strategy for the treatment of SCI. Preclinical studies have shown that MSCs promote sensory and motor function recovery in rats. In clinical trials, MSCs have been reported to improve the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) sensory and motor scores. However, the effectiveness of MSCs in treating patients with SCI remains controversial. MSCs promote tumorigenesis and ensuring the survival of MSCs in the hostile environment of SCI is challenging. In this article we examine the evidence on the pathophysiological changes occurring after SCI. We then review the underlying mechanisms of MSCs in the treatment of SCI and summarize the potential application of MSCs in clinical practice. Finally, we highlight the challenges surrounding the use of MSCs in the treatment of SCI and discuss future applications.

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  • MSCs are available in higher abundance in the body and can be isolated from almost all tissues, including bone marrow, adipose tissue, and the umbilical cord.

    “Moreover, they are available in higher abundance in the body and can be isolated from almost all tissues, including bone marrow, adipose tissue, and the umbilical cord [111].”

    From Extracellular vesicles as nanotheranostic platforms for targeted neurological disorder interventions (2024) · cites this paper as [111]

    The “Mesenchymal stem cells regulate spinal cord injury” section (page unavailable) says MSCs can be isolated from almost all tissues and names bone marrow, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord. It says adipose-derived MSCs can be obtained in large quantities, but does not establish that MSCs generally occur in higher abundance in the body. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The inflammatory and toxic microenvironment of the injury site challenges stem cell therapy in treating CNS disorders regardless of stem cell type.

    “Last, a factor that challenges stem cell therapy in treating CNS disorders regardless of stem cell type is the inflammatory and toxic microenvironment of the injury site [111].”

    From Extracellular vesicles as nanotheranostic platforms for targeted neurological disorder interventions (2024) · cites this paper as [111]

    In “Challenges in the clinical application of MSC therapy,” the paper says inflammatory factors and toxic substances in the spinal cord injury microenvironment impair MSC survival. The Introduction also identifies low stem-cell survival under hostile injury conditions as a clinical limitation. The paper does not establish that this applies to every stem-cell type or to CNS disorders beyond spinal cord injury; page numbers were not provided in the supplied passages. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The in vivo transplantation of MSCs has been implicated in tumorigenesis and cancer progression, thus threatening the use of MSCs in the brain for CNS disorder treatment.

    “Furthermore, the in vivo transplantation of MSCs has been implicated in tumorigenesis and cancer progression, thus threatening the use of MSCs in the brain for CNS disorder treatment [111].”

    From Extracellular vesicles as nanotheranostic platforms for targeted neurological disorder interventions (2024) · cites this paper as [111]

    The Introduction links stem-cell transplantation to tumour risk, and “Challenges in the clinical application of MSC therapy” says MSCs may promote cancer progression and that tumorigenesis remains a concern. The paper discusses MSC treatment for spinal cord injury, however; these passages do not specifically establish a threat to using MSCs in the brain for CNS disorders. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The secretome of MSCs has been shown to reduce inflammation as well as promote neural regeneration by containing VEGF, NGF, GDNF, and BDNF.

    “Additionally, the secretome of MSCs has been shown to reduce inflammation as well as promote neural regeneration by containing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), nerve growth factor (NGF), glia-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) [111].”

    From Extracellular vesicles as nanotheranostic platforms for targeted neurological disorder interventions (2024) · cites this paper as [111]

  • MSCs can self-proliferate and differentiate into multiple cell lineages.

    “MSCs can self-proliferate and differentiate into multiple cell lineages.”

    From Extracellular vesicles as nanotheranostic platforms for targeted neurological disorder interventions (2024) · cites this paper as [111]

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Xia, Y., Zhu, J., Yang, R., Wang, H., Li, Y., & Fu, C.
Affiliations
First Hospital of Jilin University (CN)
Corresponding author
Fu, Changfeng
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Immunology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2023-02-24
Volume
14
Pages
1141601-1141601
ISSN
1664-3224 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fimmu.2023.1141601
PMC
PMC9999104
OpenAlex
W4321787525
Cited by
87
References
6
Citations by year
2026: 18 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 11
FWCI
3.96
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82071391)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Spinal Cord Injury Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Genetics › Mesenchymal stem cell research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Nerve injury and regeneration
Keywords
mesenchymal stem cells, spinal cord injury, secondary injury, anti-inflammatory activity, vascular regeneration, neurotrophic factors, sensorimotor recovery, carcinogenesis, stem cell survival, clinical trials
MeSH terms
Animals, Spinal Cord Injuries, Rats, Mesenchymal Stem Cells

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