Crosstalk: keratinocytes and immune cells in psoriasis
Open accessAbstract
In the past, psoriasis was considered a skin disease caused only by keratinocyte disorders. However, the efficacy of immunosuppressive drugs and biologics used to treat psoriasis proves that psoriasis is an immune-mediated disease. Indeed, a variety of immune cells are involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, including dendritic cells, Th17 cells, and resident memory T cells. Furthermore, keratinocytes play a role in the development of psoriasis as immune cells by secreting antibacterial peptides, chemokines, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-36, and IL-23. These immune cells and skin cells interact and drive the aberrant differentiation and proliferation of keratinocytes. This crosstalk between keratinocytes and immune cells critical in the pathogenesis of psoriasis forms an inflammatory loop, resulting in the persistence or exacerbation of psoriasis plaques.
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As psoriatic inflammation persists, lesions become self-sustaining through IL-23 maintaining pathogenic lymphocytes, IL-17 and IL-22 reshaping the epidermis, TNF-α amplifying the inflammatory network, and angiogenic factors such as VEGF remodeling the microvasculature.
“As this inflammatory process persists, the lesions become self-sustaining: IL-23 maintains pathogenic lymphocytes, IL-17 and IL-22 reshape the epidermis, TNF-α amplifies the inflammatory network, and angiogenic factors such as VEGF remodel the microvasculature.”
From The Cutaneous Immune Microenvironment in Selected Inflammatory Skin Diseases: Linking Histopathology, Mechanisms, and Targeted Therapy (2026) · cites this paper as [23]
The sections on pathogenic Th17 cells and TNF-α/IL-36 support IL-23 maintenance of Th17 cells, Th17 cytokine effects on keratinocytes, and a TNF-α-linked inflammatory loop. The Conclusion says this crosstalk maintains psoriasis. Our copy does not support the additional claim that VEGF or other angiogenic factors remodel lesion microvasculature; searches for VEGF and vascular remodeling found no relevant passage. No page numbers are available in the indexed copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredKeratinocyte activation amplifies the recruitment of neutrophils and additional CCR6+ Th17 cells, reinforcing the inflammatory infiltrate.
“This keratinocyte activation amplifies the recruitment of neutrophils and additional CCR6+ Th17 cells, reinforcing the inflammatory infiltrate [23,25].”
From The Cutaneous Immune Microenvironment in Selected Inflammatory Skin Diseases: Linking Histopathology, Mechanisms, and Targeted Therapy (2026) · cites this paper as [23]
The ‘Chemokines’ section says IL-17-stimulated keratinocytes increase chemokines that likely attract neutrophils and may recruit CCR6+ cells, including Th17 cells. The Conclusion says activated keratinocytes promote further inflammation and inflammatory-cell recruitment. The claim presents the specific recruitment effects as certain, whereas the source qualifies them. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThis mechanistic framework explains the efficacy of biologic therapies targeting TNF, IL-17, and IL-23, which interrupt key nodes in the pathogenic network.
“This mechanistic framework explains the efficacy of biologic therapies targeting TNF, IL-17, and IL-23, which interrupt key nodes in the pathogenic network.”
From The Cutaneous Immune Microenvironment in Selected Inflammatory Skin Diseases: Linking Histopathology, Mechanisms, and Targeted Therapy (2026) · cites this paper as [23]
These cytokines occupy key positions in the dominant pathogenic circuit described in recent psoriasis literature.
“These cytokines occupy key positions in the dominant pathogenic circuit described in recent psoriasis literature [22,23,24].”
From The Cutaneous Immune Microenvironment in Selected Inflammatory Skin Diseases: Linking Histopathology, Mechanisms, and Targeted Therapy (2026) · cites this paper as [23]
Th17-derived cytokines, particularly IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22, act directly on keratinocytes, inducing hyperproliferation, impaired terminal differentiation, and increased production of chemokines such as CXCL1, antimicrobial peptides, and pro-inflammatory mediators.
“Th17-derived cytokines, particularly IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22, act directly on keratinocytes, inducing hyperproliferation, impaired terminal differentiation, and a marked increase in the production of chemokines such as CXCL1, antimicrobial peptides, and pro-inflammatory mediators.”
From The Cutaneous Immune Microenvironment in Selected Inflammatory Skin Diseases: Linking Histopathology, Mechanisms, and Targeted Therapy (2026) · cites this paper as [23]
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Tinca, A. C., Cozac-Szoke, A. R., & Cotoi, O. S. (2026) · Dermatopathology · doi:10.3390/dermatopathology13020022 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“This keratinocyte activation amplifies the recruitment of neutrophils and additional CCR6 + Th17 cells, reinforcing the inflammatory infiltrate [23,25].”
- Authors
- Kamata, M., & Tada, Y.
- Affiliations
- Teikyo University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Tada, Yayoi
- Venue
- Frontiers in Immunology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2023-11-09
- Volume
- 14
- Pages
- 1286344-1286344
- ISSN
- 1664-3224 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10665858
- OpenAlex
- W4388615901
- Cited by
- 110
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 50 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 23
- FWCI
- 3.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Psoriasis: Treatment and Pathogenesis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Spondyloarthritis Studies and Treatments
- Keywords
- psoriasis, keratinocytes, immune cells, dendritic cells, Th17 cells, tissue-resident memory T cells, antibacterial peptides, chemokines, TNF-α, IL-36, IL-23, psoriasis pathogenesis, immunosuppressants, biologics
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Interleukins, Psoriasis, Skin, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Keratinocytes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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