The DOI matches its Crossref record; 387 of the 389 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Unmet Medical Needs in Chronic, Non-communicable Inflammatory Skin Diseases
Open accessAbstract
An estimated 20-25% of the population is affected by chronic, non-communicable inflammatory skin diseases. Chronic skin inflammation has many causes. Among the most frequent chronic inflammatory skin diseases are atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, urticaria, lichen planus, and hidradenitis suppurativa, driven by a complex interplay of genetics and environmental factors. Autoimmunity is another important cause of chronic skin inflammation. The autoimmune response may be mainly T cell driven, such as in alopecia areata or vitiligo, or B cell driven in chronic spontaneous urticaria, pemphigus and pemphigoid diseases. Rare causes of chronic skin inflammation are autoinflammatory diseases, or rheumatic diseases, such as cutaneous lupus erythematosus or dermatomyositis. Whilst we have seen a significant improvement in diagnosis and treatment, several challenges remain. Especially for rarer causes of chronic skin inflammation, early diagnosis is often missed because of low awareness and lack of diagnostics. Systemic immunosuppression is the treatment of choice for almost all of these diseases. Adverse events due to immunosuppression, insufficient therapeutic responses and relapses remain a challenge. For atopic dermatitis and psoriasis, a broad spectrum of innovative treatments has been developed. However, treatment responses cannot be predicted so far. Hence, development of (bio)markers allowing selection of specific medications for individual patients is needed. Given the encouraging developments during the past years, we envision that many of these challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic inflammatory skin diseases will be thoroughly addressed in the future.
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“The validated investigator questionnaire Prurigo Activity and Severity Score (PAS) assesses several parameters of the disease such as type, number, and distribution of pruriginous lesions, proportion of PN lesions with excoriations and proportion of healed lesions (100).”
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“Recent studies suggested that nerve fiber dysfunction and structural neuroanatomical changes are present in PN skin which are induced by scratching and maintained by inflammation (96, 97).”
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Evaluation of Site- and Autoantigen-Specific Characteristics of Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid
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Vitiligo complicating diphencyprone sensitization therapy for alopecia universalis
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“Several side effects associated with this treatment include severe contact dermatitis, occipital or cervical lymphadenopathy, urticaria, dyschromia, and vitiligo (156, 157).”
BackgroundTiri, H., Jokelainen, J. J., Timonen, M., Tasanen, K., & Huilaja, L. (2018) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/bjd.17578 · Cited by 47
Current and emerging treatments for chronic spontaneous urticaria
Johal, K. J., & Saini, S. S. (2019) · Annals of Allergy Asthma & Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.anai.2019.08.465 · Cited by 47
Hübner, F., König, I. R., Holtsche, M. M., Zillikens, D., Linder, R., & Schmidt, E. (2020) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.16467 · Cited by 47
Bimekizumab for the Treatment of Psoriasis
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“The most recently approved example is an antibody that blocks the effects of both IL-17A and IL-17F (bimekizumab) (81).”
BackgroundAsgari, M. M., Tsai, A., Avalos, L. A., Sokil, M., & Quesenberry, C. P. (2020) · JAMA Dermatology · doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2020.2240 · Cited by 46 · cited 1×
“While there was initial concern regarding the use of TCIs and the risk of malignancy, post-marketing research has been reassuring as to the safety of these treatments (58).”
BackgroundNast, A., Altenburg, A., Augustin, M., Boehncke, W., Härle, P., Klaus, J., Koza, J., Mrowietz, U., Ockenfels, H. M., Philipp, S., et al. (2021) · JDDG Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft · doi:10.1111/ddg.14507 · Cited by 46 · cited 2×
“These therapies have been and continue to be included in current guidelines (67, 68, 74, 75).”
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“The high burden of disease can interfere with work productivity, not only from the baseline disease but particularly from flares (39).”
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S2k guidelines for the treatment of psoriasis in children and adolescents – Short version part 2
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“These therapies have been and continue to be included in current guidelines (67, 68, 74, 75).”
BackgroundClinical presentation and diagnostic delay in pemphigus vulgaris: A prospective study from Turkey
Daltaban, Ö., Özçentik, A., Karakaş, A. A., Üstün, K., Hatipoğlu, M., & Uzun, S. (2020) · Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine · doi:10.1111/jop.13052 · Cited by 42
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“On this basis, later extensions of indications are also conceivable for diseases that have similar pathogenetic features and for which, due to their relative rarity, large prospective clinical trials are usually not conducted (76).”
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Dermatomyositis: A diagnostic dilemma
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Effects of Omalizumab on FcεRI and IgE Expression in Lesional Skin of Bullous Pemphigoid
Jafari, S. M. S., Gadaldi, K., Feldmeyer, L., Yawalkar, N., Borradori, L., & Schlapbach, C. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.01919 · Cited by 40
Pereira, M. P., Zeidler, C., Wallengren, J., Halvorsen, J., Weißhaar, E., Garcovich, S., Misery, L., Brenaut, E., Şavk, E., Потекаев, Н. Н., et al. (2020) · Acta Dermato Venereologica · doi:10.2340/00015555-3726 · Cited by 39 · cited 1×
“Novel, effective, safe and approved therapies are urgently needed as patients are in general dissatisfied with the currently medical care (103).”
Backgroundvan Beek, N., Zillikens, D., & Schmidt, E. (2021) · Deutsches Ärzteblatt international · doi:10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0136 · Cited by 39
Arora, S., Das, P. K., & Arora, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.696597 · Cited by 39 · cited 1×
“There is also not yet enough data on combination therapies for psoriasis (78).”
BackgroundDeveloping classification criteria for skin‐predominant dermatomyositis: the Delphi process
Concha, J. S. S., Pena, S. M., Gaffney, R. G., Patel, B., Tarazi, M., Kushner, C. J., Merola, J. F., Fiorentino, D. F., Dutz, J. P., Goodfield, M. J. D., et al. (2019) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/bjd.18096 · Cited by 38
Vorobyev, A., Gupta, Y., Sezin, T., Koga, H., Bartsch, Y. C., Belheouane, M., Künzel, S., Sina, C., Schilf, P., Körber-Ahrens, H., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11952-w · Cited by 38
Ca 2+ signalling is critical for autoantibody‐induced blistering of human epidermis in pemphigus*
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Creation and Validation of Classification Criteria for Discoid Lupus Erythematosus
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Deza, G., March‐Rodríguez, Á., Sánchez, S., Ribas‐Llauradó, C., Soto, D., Pujol, R. M., Gimeno, R., & Giménez‐Arnau, A. M. (2019) · The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology In Practice · doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2019.01.026 · Cited by 35
Thalidomide and Lenalidomide for Refractory Systemic/Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Treatment
Yuki, E. F. N., Silva, C. A., Aikawa, N. E., Romiti, R., Heise, C. O., Bonfá, E., & Pasoto, S. G. (2019) · JCR Journal of Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1097/rhu.0000000000001160 · Cited by 35
Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus: Current and Future Pathogenesis-Directed Therapies.
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Kimel, M., Zeidler, C., Kwon, P., Revicki, D. A., & Ständer, S. (2020) · JAMA Dermatology · doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2020.3071 · Cited by 35
Unmet Patient Needs in Systemic Sclerosis
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Biological therapies in the treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus
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Prevalence of prurigo nodularis in the United States of America: A retrospective database analysis
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Hidradenitis suppurativa – prevalence analyses of German statutory health insurance data
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“HS leads to profound impairment in the quality of life of affected people, which is much more pronounced than the impairment caused by other dermatoses (16, 126).”
BackgroundDirect Immunofluorescence Using Non-Lesional Buccal Mucosa in Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid
Kamaguchi, M., Iwata, H., Ujiie, I., Ujiie, H., Sato, J., Kitagawa, Y., & Shimizu, H. (2018) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2018.00020 · Cited by 32
Molecular Pathogenesis of Psoriasis and Biomarkers Reflecting Disease Activity
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“Hence, the establishment and clinical validation of biomarkers and molecular genetic patterns could enable predictions of response or loss of efficacy of specific therapies in individual patients (79).”
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Lenalidomide for refractory chronic and subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus: 16 patients
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Dapsone Suppresses Disease in Preclinical Murine Models of Pemphigoid Diseases
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Grando, S. A. (2018) · International Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/ijd.14143 · Cited by 30
A review of cutaneous lupus erythematosus: improving outcomes with a multidisciplinary approach
Jarrett, P., & Werth, V. P. (2019) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare · doi:10.2147/jmdh.s179623 · Cited by 30
Prevalence of Prurigo Nodularis in Poland
Ryczek, A., & Reich, A. (2020) · Acta Dermato Venereologica · doi:10.2340/00015555-3518 · Cited by 30 · cited 1×
“Epidemiological studies are infrequent and report different prevalences depending on the method and population included (13, 91, 92).”
BackgroundIdentification of novel therapeutic targets for blocking acantholysis in pemphigus
Burmester, I. A. K., Flaswinkel, S., Thies, C., Kasprick, A., Kamaguchi, M., Bumiller‐Bini, V., Emtenani, S., Feldmann, N., Kridin, K., Schmidt, E., et al. (2020) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.15233 · Cited by 29
Therapeutic potential of biologics in prurigo nodularis
Müller, S., Bieber, T. R. M., & Ständer, S. (2021) · Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy · doi:10.1080/14712598.2021.1958777 · Cited by 29 · cited 1×
“Currently, opioid modulators and investigational substances (dupilumab, nemolizumab) are recommended as off-label treatments in refractory cases (104, 105).”
BackgroundEthnic differences in the epidemiology of cutaneous lupus erythematosus in New Zealand
Jarrett, P., Thornley, S., & Scragg, R. K. R. (2016) · Lupus · doi:10.1177/0961203316651745 · Cited by 28
Tocilizumab treatment in patients with Schnitzler syndrome: An open-label study
Bonnekoh, H., Frischbutter, S., Roll, S., Maurer, M., & Krause, K. (2021) · The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology In Practice · doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2021.01.024 · Cited by 28
Chronic Prurigo: Similar Clinical Profile and Burden Across Clinical Phenotypes
Zeidler, C., Pereira, M. P., & Ständer, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.649332 · Cited by 28 · cited 1×
“Prurigo Nodularis Prurigo nodularis (PN) belongs to the spectrum of chronic prurigo and it is the dominant phenotype for 70% of patients with chronic prurigo (13, 88, 89).”
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Impact of tofacitinib on patient outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis – review of clinical studies
Boyce, E. G., Vyas, D., Rogan, E. L., Valle-Oseguera, C. S., & O’Dell, K. M. (2016) · Patient Related Outcome Measures · doi:10.2147/prom.s62879 · Cited by 26
Werth, V. P., Furie, R. A., Romero‐Díaz, J., Navarra, S., KALUNIAN, K. C., van Vollenhoven, R., Nyberg, F., Kaffenberger, B. H., Sheikh, S. Z., Radunović, G., et al. (2020) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.5743 · Cited by 25
Medium-dose prednisolone pulse therapy in alopecia areata
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Successful Treatment of Cutaneous Lesions of Dermatomyositis with Topical Pimecrolimus
Kim, J. E., Jeong, M. G., Lee, H. E., Ko, J. Y., & Ro, Y. S. (2011) · Annals of Dermatology · doi:10.5021/ad.2011.23.3.348 · Cited by 23
Effects of the Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor ITF2357 in Autoinflammatory Syndromes
Bodar, E. J., Simon, A., & van der Meer, J. W. M. (2011) · Molecular Medicine · doi:10.2119/molmed.2011.00039 · Cited by 23
Lamberts, A., Yale, M., Grando, S. A., Horváth, B., Zillikens, D., & Jonkman, M. F. (2018) · Acta Dermato Venereologica · doi:10.2340/00015555-3052 · Cited by 23
Mortality and clinical response of patients with bullous pemphigoid treated with rituximab
Yoo, D. S., Lee, J. H., Kim, S., & Kim, J. H. (2021) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/bjd.19890 · Cited by 23
Li, X., Qian, H., Natsuaki, Y., Koga, H., Kawakami, T., Tateishi, C., Tsuruta, D., Ishii, N., & Hashimoto, T. (2021) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/bjd.20099 · Cited by 23
The role for JAK inhibitors in the treatment of immune-mediated rheumatic and related conditions
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“The background for the latter development is the recognition that many mediators, for example type I interferons or IL-23, mediate their inflammatory signals via Janus kinases (JAK, to which TYK2 also belongs) (85, 86).”
BackgroundGastrointestinal involvement of primary skin diseases
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Efficacy and safety of canakinumab treatment in schnitzler syndrome: A systematic literature review
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The Role of Myositis-Specific Autoantibodies in the Dermatomyositis Spectrum
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Autoantibodies Associated with Rheumatic Diseases
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BackgroundEpidemiology of hidradenitis suppurativa in Taiwan: A 14‐year nationwide population‐based study
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Expert Perspective: An Evidence‐Based Approach to Refractory Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus
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Hidradenitis Suppurativa in a Large Cohort of Italian Patients: Evaluation of the Burden of Disease
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“Currently, opioid modulators and investigational substances (dupilumab, nemolizumab) are recommended as off-label treatments in refractory cases (104, 105).”
BackgroundStüssel, P., Dieckhoff, K. S., Künzel, S., Hartmann, V., Gupta, Y., Kaiser, G., Veldkamp, W. R., Vidarsson, G., Visser, R., Ghorbanalipoor, S., et al. (2020) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jid.2020.04.025 · Cited by 15
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A case of Schnitzler’s syndrome without monoclonal gammopathy successfully treated with canakinumab
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Vitiligo: to biopsy or not to biopsy?
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Drug Development in Pemphigoid Diseases
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Overview of Alopecia: A Dermatopathologist's Perspective.
Vidal, C. I. (2015) · PubMed · Cited by 10
Poli, M. C. (2018) · Current Opinion in Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/mop.0000000000000696 · Cited by 10
Gasparini, G., Cozzani, E., Zenzo, G. D., Salemme, A., Dematté, E., Vassallo, C., Marzano, A. V., Genovese, G., Caproni, M., Antiga, E., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1684/ejd.2021.4104 · Cited by 10
Larsen, C. K., Andersen, R. K., Kirby, J. S., Tan, J. K. L., Saunte, D. M. L., & Jemec, G. B. E. (2021) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.17148 · Cited by 9
Werth, V. P., Merrill, J. T., Furie, R. A., Dörner, T., van Vollenhoven, R., Lipsky, P. E., Weiswasser, M., Korish, S., Schafer, P. H., Stern, M., et al. (2021) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.2181 · Cited by 9
Update on Biologics for Psoriasis in Clinical Practice
Ivanic, M. G. (2021) · Cutis · doi:10.12788/cutis.0317 · Cited by 9
Prevalence of Pemphigoid as a Potentially Unrecognized Cause of Pruritus in Nursing Home Residents
Meijer, J. M., Lamberts, A., Luijendijk, H. J., Diercks, G. F. H., Pas, H. H., Zuidema, S. U., & Jonkman, M. F. (2019) · JAMA Dermatology · doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2019.3308 · Cited by 8 · cited 2×
“By contrast, atypical clinical presentations, which occur in least 20% of all BP patients, diagnosis is often delayed by several months, if not years (4, 218, 219).”
BackgroundGupta, M. A., Vujčić, B., Sheridan, A. D., & Gupta, A. K. (2020) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.16224 · Cited by 8
Ujiie, I., Iwata, H., Yoshimoto, N., Izumi, K., Shimizu, H., & Ujiie, H. (2021) · The Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1346-8138.15816 · Cited by 8
Rubio, J., & Kyttaris, V. C. (2021) · ACR Open Rheumatology · doi:10.1002/acr2.11338 · Cited by 7
Reliability and validity of the Vitiligo Signs of Activity Score
Eleftheriadou, V. (2020) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/bjd.19164 · Cited by 6
Resolution of Schnitzler's syndrome after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Paladini, A., Vitale, A., Frediani, B., & Cantarini, L. (2021) · Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology · doi:10.55563/clinexprheumatol/1r3i7i · Cited by 6
Bullous pemphigoid: Rituximab to the rescue?
Heymann, W. R. (2020) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2020.02.058 · Cited by 5
18F-florbetaben positron emission tomography detects cardiac involvement in systemic AA amyloidosis
Παπαθανασίου, Μ., Carpinteiro, A., Hagenacker, T., Herrmann, K., Rassaf, T., Rischpler, C., & Luedike, P. (2020) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-020-04861-4 · Cited by 4
Rituximab versus Mycophenolate Mofetil in Pemphigus Vulgaris
Hopkins, Z. H., Wu, B. C., & Nousari, C. H. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2111763 · Cited by 4
Delayed effort-induced swelling with myofasciitis and systemic manifestations
Bursztejn, A. ‐., & Lipsker, D. M. (2017) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000006112 · Cited by 2
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 389 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bieber, K., Hundt, J. E., Yu, X., Ehlers, M., Petersen, F., Karsten, C. M., Köhl, J., Kridin, K., Kalies, K., Kasprick, A., et al. (2022) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103236 · Cited by 135
Comprehensive Insight into Lichen Planus Immunopathogenesis
Vičić, M., Hlača, N., Kaštelan, M., Brajac, I., Tokmadžić, V. S., & Massari, L. P. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24033038 · Cited by 123
“Skin LP is generally followed by severe pruritus, whose intensity corresponds to the affected surface but lacks visible scratches or secondary infections [5].”
BackgroundInfluentialHidradenitis suppurativa: new insights into disease mechanisms and an evolving treatment landscape
Krueger, J. G., Frew, J. W., Jemec, G. B. E., Kimball, A. B., Kirby, B., Bechara, F. G., Navrazhina, K., Prens, E. P., Reich, K., Cullen, E., et al. (2023) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1093/bjd/ljad345 · Cited by 115
Systematic Review of Deep Learning Image Analyses for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Skin Disease
Choy, S. P., Kim, B. J., Paolino, A., Tan, W. R., Lim, S. M. L., Seo, J., Tan, S. P., Francis, L., Tsakok, T., Simpson, M., et al. (2023) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-023-00914-8 · Cited by 105
Therapeutic strategies for oral lichen planus: State of the art and new insights
Didona, D., Caro, R. D. C., Santos, A. M. S., Solimani, F., & Hertl, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.997190 · Cited by 101
“89% and it is more commonly diagnosed in the female population (1, 2).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Ujiie, H., Rosmarin, D., Schön, M. P., Ständer, S., Boch, K., Metz, M., Maurer, M., Thaci, D., Schmidt, E., Cole, C., Amber, K. T., Didona, D., Hertl, M., Recke, A., Graßhoff, H., Hackel, A., Schumann, A., Riemekasten, G., Bieber, K., Sprow, G., Dan, J., Zillikens, D., Sezin, T., Christiano, A. M., Wolk, K., Sabat, R., Kridin, K., Werth, V. P., & Ludwig, R. J.
- Affiliations
- Hokkaido University (JP)
- Tufts Medical Center (US)
- Universitätsmedizin Göttingen (DE)
- University Hospital Münster (DE)
- University of Lübeck (DE)
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE)
- Rush University Medical Center (US)
- Philipps University of Marburg (DE)
- Philadelphia VA Medical Center (US)
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (DE)
- Bar-Ilan University (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Ludwig, Ralf J.
- ORCID
- Ujiie, Hideyuki
- Rosmarin, David
- Schön, Michael P.
- Ständer, Sonja
- Boch, Katharina
- Metz, Martin
- Maurer, Marcus
- Schmidt, Enno
- Cole, Connor
- Amber, Kyle T.
- Didona, Dario
- Hertl, Michael
- Recke, Andreas
- Graßhoff, Hanna
- Hackel, Alexander
- Riemekasten, Gabriela
- Bieber, Katja
- Dan, Joshua
- Zillikens, Detlef
- Sezin, Tanya
- Christiano, Angela M.
- Wolk, Kerstin
- Sabat, Robert
- Kridin, Khalaf
- Werth, Victoria P.
- Ludwig, Ralf J.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Medicine
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2022-06-09
- Volume
- 9
- Pages
- 875492-875492
- ISSN
- 2296-858X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9218547
- OpenAlex
- W4285740668
- Cited by
- 158
- References
- 389
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 12
- FWCI
- 6.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) (submittedVersion)
- GoeScholar The Publication Server of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (EXC 2167, FOR 2497, FOR 2690, RI/1056-11,, SFB 1526)
- National Institutes of Health (R01AR071653, R01AR076766)
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (CRSII5_202301/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Psoriasis: Treatment and Pathogenesis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Systemic Sclerosis and Related Diseases
- Keywords
- chronic inflammatory skin disease, unmet medical needs, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, urticaria, lichen planus, hidradenitis suppurativa, alopecia areata, vitiligo, pemphigus, pemphigoid diseases, cutaneous lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, autoinflammatory disease, systemic immunosuppression, biomarkers, treatment response prediction, early diagnosis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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