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Molecular epidemiology and antibiotic resistance of staphylococci other than Staphylococcus aureus in children in Cape Town, South Africa
Open accessAbstract
Introduction: Staphylococci other than Staphylococcus aureus (SOSA) have emerged as significant pathogens in healthcare settings, particularly among patients with indwelling devices and immunocompromised individuals. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Staphylococcus hominis are the most common commensal SOSA species and are implicated in infections such as endocarditis and bacteremia. SOSA infections in neonates and children have been reported globally. Recent increases in antibiotic resistance and virulence among SOSA strains in clinical settings have highlighted the need to describe the reservoirs of SOSA to enable monitoring of these emerging pathogens. Methods: Stool samples were collected from 150 healthy children from Cape Town communities between 2017 and 2020. Staphylococci were isolated, identified using mass-spectrometry, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing and Illumina whole genome sequencing were performed. Results: Among the participants, 50 (33.3%) were colonized by SOSA, with S. haemolyticus (n = 38; 25.3%) being the most common, followed by S. hominis (n = 5; 3.3%) and Mammalicoccus sciuri (n = 5; 3.3%). Out of the 77 initially isolated S. haemolyticus strains, 23 were identified as Staphylococcus borealis through whole genome sequencing. All S. haemolyticus isolates (n = 49) were methicillin resistant, with 65.3% (n = 32) harbouring mecA. In S. haemolyticus, SCC mec type VIII(4A) was detected in 42.0% of ST9 isolates while non-mecA methicillin resistant S. haemolyticus isolates were mostly ST49 (41.1%). Additionally, 16 (50.0%) S. haemolyticus strains contained non-typeable SCC mec elements. Discussion: High rates of methicillin resistance were identified among colonizing SOSA in Cape Town, increasing the risk of transmission to clinical settings. This study also identified a new species, S. borealis, for the first time in Africa.
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Key S. haemolyticus sequence types included methicillin-resistant ST1, linked to NICUs previously, and ST49, associated with children and often resistant to methicillin.
“Of particular note, key S. haemolyticus STs included methicillin-resistant ST1, linked to NICUs previously34 and ST49, associated with children and often resistant to methicillin35,36.”
From Impact of early life antibiotic and probiotic treatment on gut microbiome and resistome of very-low-birth-weight preterm infants. (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
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Kiu, R., Darby, E. M., Alcon-Giner, C., Acuna-Gonzalez, A., Camargo, A., Lamberte, L. E., Phillips, S., Sim, K., Shaw, A. G., Clarke, P., et al. (2025) · Nature communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-62584-2 · Cited by 36
Metadata
- Authors
- Ocloo, R., Newton-Foot, M., Ziebuhr, W., & Whitelaw, A. C.
- Affiliations
- Stellenbosch University (ZA)
- National Health Laboratory Service (ZA)
- University of Würzburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Ocloo, Remous
- Venue
- Frontiers in Microbiology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2023-08-02
- Volume
- 14
- Pages
- 1239666-1239666
- ISSN
- 1664-302X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10437061
- OpenAlex
- W4385576939
- Cited by
- 7
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2
- FWCI
- 1.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Microbiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Online Publication Service of Würzburg University (Würzburg University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (ZI665/3–1)
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (01KI2009E)
- Harry Crossley Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Microbiology (medical) › Infections and bacterial resistance
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antibiotic Use and Resistance
- Keywords
- Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, methicillin resistance, mecA gene, SCCmec typing, molecular epidemiology, intestinal colonization, antimicrobial resistance, Cape Town
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