In search for boundary conditions of reconsolidation: a failure of fear memory interference
Open accessAbstract
The presentation of a fear memory cue can result in mere memory retrieval, destabilization of the reactivated memory trace, or the formation of an extinction memory. The interaction between the degree of novelty during reactivation and previous learning conditions is thought to determine the outcome of a reactivation session. This study aimed to evaluate whether contextual novelty can prevent cue-induced destabilization and disruption of a fear memory acquired by non-asymptotic learning. To this end, fear memory was reactivated in a novel context or in the original context of learning, and fear memory reactivation was followed by the administration of propranolol, an amnestic drug. Remarkably, fear memory was not impaired by post-reactivation propranolol administration or extinction training under the usual conditions used in our lab, irrespective of the reactivation context. These unexpected findings are discussed in the light of our current experimental parameters and alleged boundary conditions on memory destabilization.
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Subsequent research has not always been able to replicate reconsolidation findings.
“Subsequent research has not always been able to replicate these findings [29, 30].”
From Memory and Forgetting (2018) · cites this paper as [30]
Several studies show only limited or no effects of propranolol on aversive and appetitive memory reconsolidation.
“However, this compelling evidence is challenged by several studies showing only limited or no effects of propranolol on aversive (Muravieva and Alberini, 2010; Wood et al., 2015; Schroyens et al., 2017) and appetitive memory reconsolidation (Milton et al., 2012; Pachas et al., 2015; Dunbar and Taylor, 2016).”
From Retrieval-Dependent Mechanisms Affecting Emotional Memory Persistence: Reconsolidation, Extinction, and the Space in Between (2020) · cites this paper as Schroyens et al., 2017
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Jaswetz, L., de Voogd, L. D., Becker, E. S., & Roelofs, K. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-10184-1 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Reconsolidation and Fear Extinction: An Update
Raskin, M., & Monfils, M. (2023) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2023_438 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Erasing Problematic Emotional Learnings
Ecker, B. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190881511.003.0011 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
van Schie, K., & van Veen, S. C. (2023) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104291 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Peters, J., Filmer, A. I., van Doorn, J. B., Metselaar, V. N., Visser, R. M., & Kindt, M. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02882-1 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationCox, W. R., Faliagkas, L., Besseling, A., van der Loo, R. J., Spijker, S., Kindt, M., & Rao‐Ruiz, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.893572 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationBeisel, J. M. S., Maza, F. J., Justel, N. R., Larrosa, P. N. F., & Delorenzi, A. (2022) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.04.012 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Duken, S. B., Neumayer, F., Džinalija, N., Kindt, M., van Ast, V. A., & Visser, R. M. (2024) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2024.104528 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationRemediation of PTSD in a Combat Veteran: A Case Study
Lindenfeld, G. L., Rozelle, G., Hummer, J. T., Sutherland, M. R., & Miller, J. C. (2019) · NeuroRegulation · doi:10.15540/nr.6.2.102 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Brewin, C. R., & Ehlers, A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190917982.013.67 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The effect of cathodal tDCS on fear extinction: a cross-measures studyPreprint
Ganho-Ávila, A., Gonçalves, Ó. F., Guiomar, R. N. R. M., Boggio, P. S., Asthana, M. K., Krypotos, A., & Almeida, J. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/561803 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A critical assessment of reconsolidation interference as a tool for therapeutic forgettingPreprint
Schroyens, N., Beckers, T., & Luyten, L. (2021) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/4z7qx · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationFear memory modulation by incentive down and up-shifts
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Verbal manipulations of learning expectancy do not enhance reconsolidation
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The elegant complexity of fear in non-human animals
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Behavioural reconsolidation interference not observed in a within-subjects design
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Rethinking Memory Impairments: Retrieval FailurePreprint
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A Philosophical Basis for a Lacanian Neuropsychoanalysis
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Procedural Memory Reconsolidation Following Multiple Reminders
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Li, J., Chen, W., Li, C., Fu, D., Liu, A., & Liu, Y. (2026) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-026-01449-7
Social fear memory as a framework for understanding social defeat stress and psychopathology
Iturra-Mena, A. M., Chang, S., Bel-Gaete, V., Silva, J. R., & Dagnino‐Subiabre, A. (2026) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106860
- Authors
- Schroyens, N., Beckers, T., & Kindt, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Kindt, Merel
- Venue
- Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2017-04-19
- Volume
- 11
- Pages
- 65-65
- ISSN
- 1662-5153 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5395559
- OpenAlex
- W2607159638
- Cited by
- 70
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 4.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Lirias (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- European Research Council (648176)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Keywords
- fear memory, memory reconsolidation, memory reactivation, memory destabilization, fear extinction, propranolol, amnesia, memory interference, boundary conditions
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