Extinction-Reconsolidation Boundaries: Key to Persistent Attenuation of Fear Memories
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Reversing Pavlov: Memories of fearful associations, such as hearing a tone before receiving a low-voltage shock, are labile when they are retrieved, such that the association can be extinguished or reconsolidated. Monfils et al. (p. 951 , published online 2 April) demonstrate that applying a standard extinction treatment (sounding the tone multiple times in the absence of any shocks) within a window of time during which reconsolidation would normally occur has the effect of overwriting the original memory. Rats treated in this fashion display much lower levels of renewal (fear induced by sounding the tone once by itself), reinstatement (fear induced by giving the shock once by itself), and spontaneous recovery.
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A time gap of a few minutes may be needed between a retrieval cue and a blockade to allow a memory to destabilize.
“a time gap of a few minutes may be needed between a retrieval cue and a blockade (figure 3), to allow a memory to destabilize (e.g. [88]).”
From Multiple memory systems, multiple time points: How science can inform treatment to control the expression of unwanted emotional memories (2018) · cites this paper as [88]
Extinction learning within the reconsolidation window may diminish conditioned defensive responses more persistently than normal extinction learning, as the safety information has become part of the original fear memory.
“extinction learning within this window may diminish conditioned defensive responses more persistently than normal extinction learning, as the safety information has become part of the original fear memory [88].”
From Multiple memory systems, multiple time points: How science can inform treatment to control the expression of unwanted emotional memories (2018) · cites this paper as [88]
The first studies that translated findings in non-human animals to humans used classical aversive conditioning to induce a simple emotional memory.
“The first studies that translated findings in non-human animals [48,88,89] to humans used classical aversive conditioning to induce a simple emotional memory [94,95].”
From Multiple memory systems, multiple time points: How science can inform treatment to control the expression of unwanted emotional memories (2018) · cites this paper as [88]
Other experimental studies have found effects of memory modification extending from one reactivated element to other elements of a compound memory, to similar but not identical stimuli, including imagined threat events, and to persist across contexts.
“However, other experimental studies have found effects of memory modification extending from one reactivated element to other elements of a compound memory [74], to similar—but not identical—stimuli, including imagined threat events [76,77], and to persist across contexts [77,88].”
From Multiple memory systems, multiple time points: How science can inform treatment to control the expression of unwanted emotional memories (2018) · cites this paper as [88]
Retrieval + extinction effectively attenuated the return of fear through renewal or reinstatement.
“Monfils and colleagues showed that retrieval + extinction effectively attenuated the return of fear through renewal or reinstatement (33).”
From Conditioned fear associated phenotypes as robust, translational indices of trauma-, stressor-, and anxiety-related behaviors (2014) · cites this paper as [33]
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- Authors
- Monfils, M.-H., Cowansage, K. K., Klann, E., & LeDoux, J. E.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research (US)
- Corresponding author
- Monfils, Marie-H.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2009-05-15
- Volume
- 324
- Issue
- 5929
- Pages
- 951-955
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC3625935
- OpenAlex
- W2060160772
- Cited by
- 960
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 71 · 2017: 80 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 75 · 2014: 79 · 2013: 79 · 2012: 65
- FWCI
- 23.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R37MH038774, P50MH058911, F31MH083472, K05MH067048, R01MH046516, R01MH091147)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS-047384, NS-034007, R01NS047384)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Keywords
- fear memory, extinction, reconsolidation blockade, memory reconsolidation, memory retrieval, fear extinction, fear conditioning, traumatic memory, rats
- MeSH terms
- Amygdala, Animals, Conditioning, Classical, Extinction, Psychological, Fear, Male, Memory, Phosphorylation, Mental Recall, Receptors, AMPA, Rats
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