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Cited by 186Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsTryptophan and brain disordersStress Responses and Cortisol

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 346 of the 346 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Cellular and molecular mechanisms of immunomodulation in the brain through environmental enrichment

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Singhal, Gaurav, Jaehne, Emily J., Corrigan, Frances, Baune, Bernhard T.·2014·Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
DOI 10.3389/fncel.2014.00097PMC PMC3982075
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Abstract

Recent studies on environmental enrichment (EE) have shown cytokines, cellular immune components [e.g., T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells], and glial cells in causal relationship to EE in bringing out changes to neurobiology and behavior. The purpose of this review is to evaluate these neuroimmune mechanisms associated with neurobiological and behavioral changes in response to different EE methods. We systematically reviewed common research databases. After applying all inclusion and exclusion criteria, 328 articles remained for this review. Physical exercise (PE), a form of EE, elicits anti-inflammatory and neuromodulatory effects through interaction with several immune pathways including interleukin (IL)-6 secretion from muscle fibers, reduced expression of Toll-like receptors on monocytes and macrophages, reduced secretion of adipokines, modulation of hippocampal T cells, priming of microglia, and upregulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 in central nervous system. In contrast, immunomodulatory roles of other enrichment methods are not studied extensively. Nonetheless, studies showing reduction in the expression of IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α in response to enrichment with novel objects and accessories suggest anti-inflammatory effects of novel environment. Likewise, social enrichment, though considered a necessity for healthy behavior, results in immunosuppression in socially defeated animals. This has been attributed to reduction in T lymphocytes, NK cells and IL-10 in subordinate animals. EE through sensory stimuli has been investigated to a lesser extent and the effect on immune factors has not been evaluated yet. Discovery of this multidimensional relationship between immune system, brain functioning, and EE has paved a way toward formulating environ-immuno therapies for treating psychiatric illnesses with minimal use of pharmacotherapy. While the immunomodulatory role of PE has been evaluated extensively, more research is required to investigate neuroimmune changes associated with other enrichment methods.

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Crossref · 10.3389/fncel.2014.00097

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FIGURE 1 Study inclusion flowchart. It depicts the methodology for search and collection of relevant articles for this review, following PRISMA guidelines (Liberati et al., 2009; Moher et al., 2009).
FIGURE 1 Study inclusion flowchart. It depicts the methodology for search and collection of relevant articles for this review, following PRISMA guidelines (Liberati et al., 2009; Moher et al., 2009).CC BY · PubMed Central
FIGURE 2 Methods of enriching the environment for rodents in captivity. EE for rodents in captivity can be achieved by providing them with social contact (pair, group, permanent, temporary), physical activity using running wheel, new larger and complex enclosures, novel objects and accessories, sensory stimulations (visual, auditory, and olfactory), and better nutrition.
FIGURE 2 Methods of enriching the environment for rodents in captivity. EE for rodents in captivity can be achieved by providing them with social contact (pair, group, permanent, temporary), physical activity using running wheel, new larger and complex enclosures, novel objects and accessories, sensory stimulations (visual, auditory, and olfactory), and better nutrition.CC BY · PubMed Central
FIGURE 3 Physical exercise modulates neuroimmune and neuroendocrine mechanisms to induce beneficial effects in the brain. This figure shows that psychiatric disorders are the result of aversive neurobiological and neuroimmune changes in the brain. However, these are reversed by physical exercise which also facilitates improvement in cognition, memory, and behavior.
FIGURE 3 Physical exercise modulates neuroimmune and neuroendocrine mechanisms to induce beneficial effects in the brain. This figure shows that psychiatric disorders are the result of aversive neurobiological and neuroimmune changes in the brain. However, these are reversed by physical exercise which also facilitates improvement in cognition, memory, and behavior.CC BY · PubMed Central
FIGURE 4 Differential effects of enrichment methods in rodents. The same stressful factor when subtly modified can become enrichment for the animals in captivity. This suggests that environment for rodents can be enriched by changing the existing arrangement of different factors around them and no special efforts are required.
FIGURE 4 Differential effects of enrichment methods in rodents. The same stressful factor when subtly modified can become enrichment for the animals in captivity. This suggests that environment for rodents can be enriched by changing the existing arrangement of different factors around them and no special efforts are required.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Fuglestad, 2008, “The role of nutrition in cognitive development,” in, Handbook in Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 623
  2. Haller, 2000, Anxiolytic effects of repeated victory in male Wistar rats., Aggressive Behavior, 26, 257, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(2000)26:3257::AID-AB53.0.CO;2-7 · DOI
  3. Koletzko, 2003, Exercise and C-reactive protein., HEALTHY WEIGHT, 17
  4. Nakamura, 1999, Age-changes of brain synapses and synaptic plasticity in response to an enriched environment., J. Neurosci. Res., 56, 307, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19990501)56:3307::AID-JNR103.0.CO;2-3 · DOI

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Metadata

Authors
Singhal, G., Jaehne, E. J., Corrigan, F., & Baune, B. T.
Affiliations
The University of Adelaide (AU)
Corresponding author
Baune, Bernhard T.
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2014-04-03
Volume
8
Pages
97-97
ISSN
1662-5102 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fncel.2014.00097
PMC
PMC3982075
OpenAlex
W2029961705
Cited by
186
References
346
Citations by year
2026: 10 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 2
FWCI
0.89
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • Medical Research Council
  • National Health and Medical Research Council (1043771)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Keywords
environmental enrichment, neuroimmunomodulation, physical activity, cytokines, interleukin-6, Toll-like receptors, adipokines, microglia, T cells, natural killer cells, social defeat, sensory enrichment, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-10, mental illness

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