The DOI matches its Crossref record; 191 of the 191 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Neuropathobiology of COVID-19: The Role for Glia
Open accessAbstract
SARS-CoV-2, which causes the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, has a brain neurotropism through binding to the receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 expressed by neurones and glial cells, including astrocytes and microglia. Systemic infection which accompanies severe cases of COVID-19 also triggers substantial increase in circulating levels of chemokines and interleukins that compromise the blood-brain barrier, enter the brain parenchyma and affect its defensive systems, astrocytes and microglia. Brain areas devoid of a blood-brain barrier such as the circumventricular organs are particularly vulnerable to circulating inflammatory mediators. The performance of astrocytes and microglia, as well as of immune cells required for brain health, is considered critical in defining the neurological damage and neurological outcome of COVID-19. In this review, we discuss the neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2, the implication of neuroinflammation, adaptive and innate immunity, autoimmunity, as well as astrocytic and microglial immune and homeostatic functions in the neurological and psychiatric aspects of COVID-19. The consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection during ageing, in the presence of systemic comorbidities, and for the exposed pregnant mother and foetus are also covered.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Once the virus enters the CNS, it affects neurons, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and especially astrocytes, undermining neurons viability [17, 179, 180].”
From Cognitive decline following acute viral infections: literature review and projections for post-COVID-19 (2022) · cites this paper as [179]
In the citing paper
“In SARS-CoV-2, trans-nasal and trans-synaptic mechanisms might allow the virus to invade the olfactory bulb and brainstem, with both being the possible initial site for CNS invasion [179].”
From Cognitive decline following acute viral infections: literature review and projections for post-COVID-19 (2022) · cites this paper as [179]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China
Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, G., Xu, J., Gu, X., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30183-5 · Cited by 48,884
Wu, Z., & McGoogan, J. M. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.2648 · Cited by 17,016 · cited 2×
“…it, can spread into the other organs including the central nervous system (CNS) and cause severe neurological outcomes during the disease development and progression, especially for patients with comorbidities and/or elderly people (Huang et al., 2020; Wolfel et al., 2020; Wu and McGoogan, 2020).”
BackgroundPolazzi, E., Mengoni, I., Caprini, M., Peña‐Altamira, E., Kurtys, E., & Monti, B. (2012) · Neurosignals · doi:10.1159/000337115 · Cited by 9,023
Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China
Mao, L., Jin, H., Wang, M., Hu, Y., Chen, S., He, Q., Chang, J., Hong, C., Zhou, Y., Wang, D., et al. (2020) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127 · Cited by 7,166
Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019
Wölfel, R., Corman, V. M., Guggemos, W., Seilmaier, M., Zange, S., Müller, M. A., Niemeyer, D., Jones, T. C., Vollmar, P., Rothe, C., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2196-x · Cited by 6,661
Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition
Lupien, S. J., McEwen, B. S., Gunnar, M. R., & Heim, C. (2009) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2639 · Cited by 6,256 · cited 1×
“Indeed, many epidemiological studies suggest that early-life adversity can be associated with an increased occurrence of neurodevelopmental, neurological or neuropsychiatric disorders later in life (Halligan et al., 2007; Lupien et al., 2009; Knuesel et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo
Nimmerjahn, A., Kirchhoff, F., & Helmchen, F. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1110647 · Cited by 5,827 · cited 1×
“These microglia have an amoeboid instead of a surveilling (derived from to “surveil,” which means to keep a place or a person under surveillance) morphology (Davalos et al., 2005; Nimmerjahn et al., 2005) and express markers that suggest they are ready to cope with invading agents using phagocytosis and the release of…”
BackgroundIliff, J. J., Wang, M., Liao, Y., Plogg, B. A., Peng, W., Gundersen, G. A., Benveniste, H., Vates, G. E., Deane, R., Goldman, S. A., et al. (2012) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3003748 · Cited by 5,824 · cited 1×
“Furthermore, the astroglia-based glymphatic waste collection system (Iliff et al., 2012) declines with age, which affects clearance of numerous by-products and toxic substances (Kress et al., 2014).”
BackgroundAstrocyte-endothelial interactions at the blood-brain barrier
Abbott, N. J., Rönnbäck, L., & Hansson, E. (2006) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1824 · Cited by 5,595 · cited 1×
“All these structures are highly vascularised and they lack the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) (Duvernoy and Risold, 2007), which is formed by the endothelial cells lining brain vessels, together with pericytes, astrocytes, microglia, and extracellular components such as the basement membrane that together form the neurovas…”
BackgroundCryan, J. F., O'Riordan, K. J., Cowan, C. S. M., Sandhu, K. V., Bastiaanssen, T. F. S., Boehme, M., Codagnone, M. G., Cussotto, S., Fulling, C., Golubeva, A. V., et al. (2019) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00018.2018 · Cited by 5,286
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–157 of 157
Zorkina, Y., Syunyakov, T., Abramova, O. V., Andryushchenko, A., Andreyuk, D., Abbazova, E. V., Goncharov, D., Rakova, A., Andriushchenko, N., Gryadunov, D. A., et al. (2022) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics12102312 · Cited by 4
“, mitochondria) and functional abnormalities that become increasingly pronounced in adulthood and aging [12].”
BackgroundLin, S.-S., & Verkhratsky, A. (2021) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2021.07.013 · Cited by 4
Self-citationLin, X., Nie, H., Tang, R., Wang, P., Jin, X., Jiang, Q., Han, F., Chen, N., & Li, Y. (2022) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106055 · Cited by 5
“state presenting low BBB protection and high vulnerability to SARS-CoV-2 infection(16).”
BackgroundThe Infected Lungs and Brain Interface in COVID-19: The Impact on Cognitive Function
Joaquim, L. D. S., Giustina, A. D., Machado, R. S., Metzker, K. L. L., Bonfante, S., Danielski, L. G., Goldim, M. P. D. S., & Petronilho, F. C. (2022) · NeuroImmunoModulation · doi:10.1159/000526653 · Cited by 4
Postcovid cognitive impairment
Shishkova, V. N., & Галиевна, Д. Б. (2022) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro202212212145 · Cited by 4
Yong, C. S. K., Maniam, E. J.-H., Chang, C. W., Lai, J. Y., & Ho, C. S. H. (2023) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1239576 · Cited by 4
Mahalakshmi, A., Paneyala, S., Ray, B., Essa, M., Dehhaghi, M., Heng, B., Guillemin, G., & Chidambaram, S. B. (2022) · International Journal of Tryptophan Research · doi:10.1177/11786469221083946 · Cited by 4
Rosiak, M., Schreiner, T., Beythien, G., Leitzen, E., Ulianytska, A., Allnoch, L., Becker, K., Michaely, L. M., Lockow, S., Clever, S., et al. (2025) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v17070963 · Cited by 3
“Transition of microglia toward a proinflammatory phenotype may subsequently contribute to the exacerbation of neurodegenerative processes characteristic of chronic neurodegenerative diseases [86,91–93].”
Mikrogliya i predpolagaemye makrofagi subfornikal'nogo organa: strukturno-funkcional'nye osobennosti
Гусельникова, В. В., Razenkova, V. A., Суфиева, Д. А., & Korzhevsky, D. E. (2022) · Вестник Российского государственного медицинского университета · doi:10.24075/vrgmu.2022.020 · Cited by 3
Bhagavan, S., Ramaswamy, S. B., Mehta, T., Govindarajan, R., & Cousins, J. P. (2022) · American Journal of Case Reports · doi:10.12659/ajcr.934955 · Cited by 3
“It is uncertain whether the SARS-CoV-2 directly targets the central nervous system, or whether the neurological symptoms are sequalae of a systemic or glymphatic response [2].”
BackgroundDelayed encephalopathy after COVID-19: A case series of six patients
Akimoto, T., Hara, M., Tasaki, K., Kurosawa, Y., Nakamoto, T., Hirose, S., Mizoguchi, T., Yokota, Y., Ninomiya, S., & Nakajima, H. (2022) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000031029 · Cited by 3
“[25] Neumann et al reported elevated CSF protein levels in 30% of patients with neurological symptoms during the acute phase of COVID-19 (0–35 days after positive identification for SARS-Cov-2 PCR).”
Three Cases of Encephalopathy / Disseminated Encephalomyelitis in SARS-COV-2 Infection
Metodiev, D., Toshev, Y., Anachkov, K., Sarbyanova, N., & Nachev, S. (2022) · Acta Medica Bulgarica · doi:10.2478/amb-2022-0009 · Cited by 3
COVID-19: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Brain Damage
Гомазков, О. А. (2022) · Biology Bulletin Reviews · doi:10.1134/s2079086422020037 · Cited by 3
“The function of immune and glial cells is critical in the determination of neurological damage and disease outcome (Tremblay et al., 2020).”
BackgroundEhler, J., Klawitter, F., von Möllendorff, F., Zacharias, M., Fischer, D.-C., Danckert, L., Bajorat, R., Hackenberg, J., Bertsche, A., Loebermann, M., et al. (2024) · Infection · doi:10.1007/s15010-024-02406-7 · Cited by 4
“Evidence from post-mortem brain histology and brain imaging point towards neuroinflammation with neuronal, glial and neurovascular injury during COVID-19, contributing to deteriorations of neurocognitive function [4 –7 ].”
ASNTR’s Venture into a Hybrid Conference: Lessons Learned During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Sanberg, P. R., Morrison, D. C., & Bjugstad, K. B. (2021) · Cell Transplantation · doi:10.1177/09636897211053872 · Cited by 3
COVID-19 Pain and Comorbid Symptoms
Eze, B., & Starkweather, A. R. (2021) · Topics in Pain Management · doi:10.1097/01.tpm.0000753136.60432.2f · Cited by 3
Bobermin, L. D., Medeiros, L. S., Weber, F. B., de Oliveira, G. T., Santi, L., Beys‐da‐Silva, W. O., GON茿LVES, C.-A., & ANDR�QUINCOZES-SANTOS (2022) · Biocell · doi:10.32604/biocell.2022.021566 · Cited by 3
Yepes, M. (2022) · Current Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1389450123666220919123029 · Cited by 4
Neurological syndromes associated with COVID-19: a multicenter study in Brazil
Matos, A. D. M. B., Gomes, A. B. F., de Carvalho, F. A. B., de Oliveira, F. T. M., da Silva, L. S. A., Dahy, F. E., de Moura, J. V. L., Freire, M. V., Vidal, J. E., Marcusso, R. M. N., et al. (2025) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-025-10504-6 · Cited by 3
“[43–45].”
Guillen-Burgos, H. F., Galvez-Florez, J. F., Moreno, S., Wong, S., Kwan, A. T. H., Ramírez‐Posada, M., Anaya, J., & McIntyre, R. S. (2025) · Psychiatric Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1176/appi.prcp.20240112 · Cited by 2
“…argue that high levels of cytokines re-ported during hospitalization by COVID ‐ 19 survivors may predispose this subgroup of participants for further brain ‐ damage and induce cellular stress, degeneration, synaptic alteration, astrogliosis, inflammation, and finally loss of neural function (28).”
Changes in the State of Vital Systems with Long COVID-19
Bi, K., Шаповалов, К. Г., & Chalisova, N. I. (2023) · Biology Bulletin Reviews · doi:10.1134/s2079086423020044 · Cited by 2
“Furthermore, the SARS-CoV-2 virus leads to the activation of microglia and astrocytes with a release of neuroinflammatory response mediators (Tremblay et al., 2020).”
BackgroundRittmannsberger, H., Barth, M., Lamprecht, B., Malík, P., & Yazdi‐Zorn, K. (2023) · Neuropsychiatrie · doi:10.1007/s40211-023-00487-8 · Cited by 2
“Derartige Prozesse des „Molecular Mimicry“ werden auch für SARS-CoV-2 diskutiert [55, 77, 78].”
InfluentialRomero-Molina, A. O., Ramirez‐Garcia, G., Chirino‐Pérez, A., Fuentes-Zavaleta, D. A., Hernandez-Castillo, C. R., Marrufo, O., López-González, D., Rodríguez-Rodríguez, M. S., Castorena-Maldonado, A. R., Rodríguez‐Agudelo, Y., et al. (2024) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-023-07266-x · Cited by 4
“The pronounced peripheral inflammatory response, occurring acutely during the in-hospital phase when the infection reaches its peak, may potentially lead to wide-spread neuronal loss and an exacerbation of glia-mediated neuroinflammation that persists even after recovery from infection [19].”
Nawa, H., & Murakami, M. (2025) · Neuropsychopharmacology Reports · doi:10.1002/npr2.12520 · Cited by 2
Atashgar, F., Shafieian, M., & Abolfathi, N. (2022) · Computer Methods in Biomechanics & Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1080/10255842.2022.2128673 · Cited by 2
Microgliosis, astrogliosis and loss of aquaporin-4 polarity in frontal cortex of COVID-19 patientsPreprint
Beiersdorfer, A., Rotermund, N., Schulz, K., Busch, M., Hirnet, D., Henne, S., Schwarzenberg, F. L., Dottermusch, M., Ondruschka, B., Matschke, J., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.04.10.588851 · Cited by 2
“…expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and glial markers were found elevated in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (Hanson et al., 2022; Huang & Fishell, 2022; Kanberg et al., 2020; Rosu et al., 2022; Spanos et al., 2022; Steardo, Steardo, & Scuderi, 2022; Tremblay et al., 2020).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPociūtė, A., Kriaučiūnaitė, K., Kaušylė, A., Zablockienė, B., Alčauskas, T., Jelinskaitė, A., Rudėnaitė, A., Jančorienė, L., Ročka, S., Verkhratsky, A., et al. (2024) · Function · doi:10.1093/function/zqae002 · Cited by 2
“While primarily targeting the respiratory system, SARS-CoV-2 frequently affects the central nervous system (CNS) by both direct and indirect mechanisms (Carvalho et al., 2021; Steardo et al., 2020a; Steardo et al., 2020b; Tremblay et al., 2020).”
BackgroundSelf-citationNeuroglial responses to bacterial, viral, and fungal neuroinfections
Awogbindin, I. O., Šimončičová, E., Vidal, V., Ash, C., & Tremblay, M. (2025) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-19102-2.00027-2 · Cited by 1
Self-citationSugawara, T., & Ichiki, R. (2025) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Reports · doi:10.1002/pcn5.70148 · Cited by 1
“11 The subsequent systemic inflammation and hypoxia can weaken the blood – brain barrier, allowing peripheral T cells to penetrate the brain tissue.”
Unraveling the Link Between COVID-19 and Memory Deficits: The Role of Brain Microglia Activation
Aktaruzzaman, M., Abid, M. A., Rakib, M. A., Islam, M. S., Dona, H. A., Tabassum, A., Hossain, N., Sezin, S. N., Metu, C. L. N., & Raihan, M. O. (2026) · Neuroglia · doi:10.3390/neuroglia7010010 · Cited by 1
“…central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis through mechanisms such as immune-mediated neuroin-flammation, neurovascular injury, neurotropism, disruption of the blood–brain barrier, and immune-mediated neuroinflammation, contributing to a spectrum of acute and chronic neurological sequelae [3].”
COVID-19 Treatment Options and Their Mechanism of Action up to Now: An Overview of Clinical Trials
Esmaily, K., Iman, M., & Bahari, Z. (2022) · Journal of Advances in Medical and Biomedical Research · doi:10.30699/jambs.30.139.75 · Cited by 1
A Patient With Schizophrenia in Remission Relapses Following COVID-19: A Case Report
Shaaban, S. S., Bhullar, R., Mohammad, I., & Hashmi, A. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.29845 · Cited by 1
Inflammatory diseases of the CNS
Verkhratsky, A., & Butt, A. M. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821565-4.00013-4 · Cited by 1
Self-citationNeuroinflammation following SARS-CoV-2 infection
Netto, C. A., & Porcionatto, M. A. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95650-5.00037-9 · Cited by 1
Deb, S., Mondal, R., Lahiri, D., Ganguly, U., & Shome, G. (2022) · International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences · doi:10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20221501 · Cited by 1
COVID-19 and the central nervous system: What is the interplay?
El‐Fadeal, N. M. A., Anber, S. A., Elkot, H. A., Maged, G., Saeed, I. A., Negm, M. M., Abdelsamad, M. A., El-bakri, A., & Mohamed, W. M. Y. (2022) · Neuroscience Research Notes · doi:10.31117/neuroscirn.v5i4.155 · Cited by 1
Broken Connections: The Evidence for Neuroglial Failure in ME/CFSPreprint
Renz‐Polster, H. (2021) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/ef3n4 · Cited by 1
Shakarwal, S. (2021) · Journal of Advanced Research in Medicine · doi:10.24321/2349.7181.202103
Anticipated Long-Term Neurobehavioral Outcomes Following COVID-19
Bailey, E. K., Kamper, J. E., & Gius, B. K. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-08045-6_30
Frost, E. A. M. (2022) · Topics in Pain Management · doi:10.1097/01.tpm.0000902752.53691.86
Manifestações psicopatológicas e cognitivas associadas à infecção pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2
Damiano, R. F. (2023) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.5.2023.tde-29082023-114208
Pociūtė, A., Kriaučiūnaitė, K., Kaušylė, A., Zablockienė, B., Alčauskas, T., Jelinskaitė, A., Rudėnaitė, A., Jančorienė, L., Ročka, S., Verkhratsky, A., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.09.28.559927
Self-citationSARS-CoV-2 neurotropism-induced anxiety/depression-like behaviors require Microglia activationPreprint
Ge, Q., Zhou, S., Porras, J., Fu, P., Wang, T., Du, J., & Li, K. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.10.02.560570 · Cited by 1
“Microglia, as the primary immune cells of the CNS, play a critical role in maintaining brain homeostasis and protecting against infections (59).”
BackgroundChanges of Organism Life Important System State by Long-COVID-19
Bi, K., Шаповалов, К. Г., & Chalisova, N. I. (2023) · Успехи современной биологии · doi:10.31857/s0042132423010052
余, 苗. (2024) · Advances in Clinical Medicine · doi:10.12677/acm.2024.1451594
Psychological Condition of Nurses in the Aftermath of COVID-19 - Indonesian Nurses’ Perspective
Rokhman, A., Hidayati, N. L., & Ubudiyah, M. (2024) · Babali Nursing Research · doi:10.37363/bnr.2024.52354 · Cited by 1
Chemek, M., Кади, А. М. Я., Mahdawi, F. K. I. A., & Potoroko, I. Y. (2024) · Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43032-024-01638-0
“It is thought that the virus may cross the BBB and infect neurons and glial cells which express ACE2, rendering them a potential target for SARS-CoV-2 infection [141, 142].”
Bagheri, M., & Salari, S. (2024) · Archives of Neuroscience · doi:10.5812/ans-148518
Manesh, M. R., Wicki‐Stordeur, L. E., York, N. S., Vendramelli, R., Warner, B. M., Vecchiarelli, H. A., Rainier-Pope, L., Khakpour, M., Bennouna, L. R., Tremblay, M., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.04.08.647811
Self-citationGrossberg, A. N. (2024) · Digital Commons - DU (University of Denver) · doi:10.56902/etdcrp.2024.14
Guillen-Burgos, H. F., Moreno-López, S., Galvez-Florez, J. F., McIntyre, R. S., & Anaya, J. (2026) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2026.101268
“In fact, previous studies have reported pandemics and outbreaks as risk factor for PTSD (Yuan et al., 2021a; Davis et al., 2023; Tremblay et al., 2020).”
Early Surge in Brain GFAP Distribution in Female Hamsters With Mild Peripheral COVID ‐19
Manesh, M. R., Wicki‐Stordeur, L. E., York, N. S., Vendramelli, R., Warner, B. M., Vecchiarelli, H. A., Rainier‐Pope, L., Khakpour, M., Larkey, C. A., Bennouna, L. R., et al. (2026) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.70437
“Coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by COVID- 19-associated cognitive symptoms are likely to involve neuroinflammatory processes ((Greene et al. 2024; Krishna et al. 2024); reviewed in (Volk et al. 2024; Tremblay et al. 2020; Gonçalves de Andrade et al. 2021)).”
Self-citationLi, C., Wang, L., Wang, F., Wang, L., Xu, L. H., Lyu, W., Shan, K., Li, J., Zhou, H., Rong, F., et al. (2026) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-026-03921-0
Li, X., Yu, J., & Zhao, Y. (2026) · Heart and Mind · doi:10.4103/hm.hm-d-26-00021
Suk, K. (2026) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.107039
Metadata
- Authors
- Tremblay, M.-E., Madore, C., Bordeleau, M., Tian, L., & Verkhratsky, A.
- Affiliations
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (FR)
- Université Laval (CA)
- Peking University (CN)
- Ikerbasque (ES)
- Venue
- Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2020-11-11
- Volume
- 14
- Pages
- 592214-592214
- ISSN
- 1662-5102 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7693550
- OpenAlex
- W3101561456
- Cited by
- 159
- References
- 188
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 3.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- cIRcle (University of British Columbia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- eScholarship@McGill (McGill) (submittedVersion)
- Oskar-Bordeaux (Universite de Bordeaux) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Open Collections
- Funders
- European Commission
- Eesti Teadusagentuur (MOBTT77)
- Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Tier 2)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, glial cells, astrocytes, microglia, neurotropism, ACE2 receptor, blood-brain barrier, neuroinflammation, chemokines, interleukins, circumventricular organs, autoimmunity, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, neurological complications, psychiatric aspects, aging, comorbidities, pregnancy, fetus
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
