The DOI matches its Crossref record; 211 of the 214 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 3 are not checked yet.
Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia
Open accessAbstract
Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), also known as neuropsychiatric symptoms, represent a heterogeneous group of non-cognitive symptoms and behaviors occurring in subjects with dementia. BPSD constitute a major component of the dementia syndrome irrespective of its subtype. They are as clinically relevant as cognitive symptoms as they strongly correlate with the degree of functional and cognitive impairment. BPSD include agitation, aberrant motor behavior, anxiety, elation, irritability, depression, apathy, disinhibition, delusions, hallucinations, and sleep or appetite changes. It is estimated that BPSD affect up to 90% of all dementia subjects over the course of their illness, and is independently associated with poor outcomes, including distress among patients and caregivers, long-term hospitalization, misuse of medication, and increased health care costs. Although these symptoms can be present individually it is more common that various psychopathological features co-occur simultaneously in the same patient. Thus, categorization of BPSD in clusters taking into account their natural course, prognosis, and treatment response may be useful in the clinical practice. The pathogenesis of BPSD has not been clearly delineated but it is probably the result of a complex interplay of psychological, social, and biological factors. Recent studies have emphasized the role of neurochemical, neuropathological, and genetic factors underlying the clinical manifestations of BPSD. A high degree of clinical expertise is crucial to appropriately recognize and manage the neuropsychiatric symptoms in a patient with dementia. Combination of non-pharmacological and careful use of pharmacological interventions is the recommended therapeutic for managing BPSD. Given the modest efficacy of current strategies, there is an urgent need to identify novel pharmacological targets and develop new non-pharmacological approaches to improve the adverse outcomes associated with BPSD.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Abnormalities in neuropsychiatric states were common among the VEEV TC-83 inoculated WT and Tg2576 mice and were exaggerated responses to the normal, indicating anxiety-like behavior, irritability, or dementia, which are associated with the sequelae of alphaviruses (Reisberg et al., 1987) and with AD (Cerejeira et al., 2012).”
From Arbovirus infection increases the risk for the development of neurodegenerative disease pathology in the murine model (2024) · cites this paper as Cerejeira et al., 2012
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/springerreference_121117 · Cited by 20,772
Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: Third report of the DLB consortium
McKeith, I. G., Dickson, D. W., Lowe, J., Emre, M., O'Brien, J. T., Feldman, H., Cummings, J., Duda, J. E., Lippa, C., Perry, E. K., et al. (2005) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000187889.17253.b1 · Cited by 5,069
Self-citationThe Alzheimer’s disease neuroimaging initiative (ADNI): MRI methods
Jack, C. R., Bernstein, M. A., Fox, N. C., Thompson, P., Alexander, G., Harvey, D., Borowski, B., Britson, P. J., L. Whitwell, J., Ward, C., et al. (2008) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.21049 · Cited by 4,347
The Neuropsychiatric Inventory
Cummings, J. L. (1997) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.48.5_suppl_6.10s · Cited by 2,055
Lyketsos, C. G., Lopez, O., Jones, B., Fitzpatrick, A. L., Breitner, J., & DeKosky, S. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.12.1475 · Cited by 2,049
Alexopoulos, G. S. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)66665-2 · Cited by 2,024
(1987) · PubMed · Cited by 1,147
Lyketsos, C. G., Steinberg, M., Tschanz, J. T., Norton, M. C., Steffens, D. C., & Breitner, J. C. S. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.708 · Cited by 1,144
Donepezil and memantine for moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease
Howard, R., McShane, R., Lindesay, J., Ritchie, C., Baldwin, A., Barber, R., Burns, A., Dening, T., Findlay, D., Holmes, C., et al. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1106668 · Cited by 782
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Aalten P. de Vugt M. E. Jaspers N. Jolles J. Verhey F. R. (2005b). The course of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia. Part II: relationships among behavioural sub-syndromes and the influence of clinical variables. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 20, 531– 536 10.1002/gps.1317 15920706 · DOI
- García-Alberca J. M. Lara Muñoz J. P. Berthier Torres M. (2010). Neuropsychiatric and behavioral symptomatology in Alzheimer disease. Actas Esp. Psiquiatr. 38, 212– 222 21104466
- Iwata B. A. Volmer T. R. Zarcone J. R. (1993). “The experimental (functional) analysis of behavioral disorders: methodology, application, and limitations,” in Perspectives on the Use of Nonaversive and Aversive Interventions for Persons with Developmental Disabilities, eds Repp A. C. Singh N. N. (Sycamore, IL: Sycamore Press), 301– 330
- Mukaetova-Ladinska E. B. Harrington C. R. Xuereb J. Roth M. Wischik C. M. (1995). Biochemical, neuropathological, and clinical correlations of neurofibrillary degeneration in Alzheimer’s disease,” in Treating Alzheimer’s and Other Dementias, eds Bergener M. Finkel S. I. (New York: Springer), 57– 80
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,001–1,001 of 1,001
Mindfulness and rumination: stress pathways for caregivers of persons living with dementia.
Savla, J., Mansoor, M., Kim, N., Hagemann, L., Luci, K., & Sapra, M. (2026) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnag103
Metadata
- Authors
- Cerejeira, J., Lagarto, L., & Mukaetova-Ladinska, E. B.
- Affiliations
- Unidade Local de Saúde de Coimbra (PT)
- ORCID
- Cerejeira, J.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Neurology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 3
- Pages
- 73-73
- ISSN
- 1664-2295 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3345875
- OpenAlex
- W2120296399
- Cited by
- 1,425
- References
- 214
- Citations by year
- 2026: 111 · 2025: 138 · 2024: 144 · 2023: 188 · 2022: 129 · 2021: 150 · 2020: 122 · 2019: 92 · 2018: 90 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 25.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Frontiers in Neurology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity) (cc-by-nc)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Intensive Care Unit Cognitive Disorders
- Keywords
- behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, neuropsychiatric symptoms, dementia, agitation, anxiety, depression, apathy, delusions, hallucinations, sleep disorders, non-pharmacological treatment, pharmacotherapy, pathogenesis, genetic factors, neuropathology, caregiver burden
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
