Cited by 216Neural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesFree Will and AgencyNeural dynamics and brain function

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Error awareness and the error-related negativity: evaluating the first decade of evidence

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Wessel, Jan R.·2012·Frontiers in Human Neuroscience

DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00088PMC PMC3328124

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Abstract

From its discovery in the early 1990s until this day, the error-related negativity (ERN) remains the most widely investigated electrophysiological index of cortical error processing. When researchers began addressing the electrophysiology of subjective error awareness more than a decade ago, the role of the ERN, alongside the subsequently occurring error positivity (Pe), was an obvious locus of attention. However, the first two studies explicitly addressing the role of error-related event-related brain potentials (ERPs) would already set the tone for what still remains a controversy today: in contrast to the clear-cut findings that link the amplitude of the Pe to error awareness, the association between ERN amplitude and error awareness is vastly unclear. An initial study reported significant differences in ERN amplitude with respect to subjective error awareness, whereas the second failed to report this result, leading to a myriad of follow-up studies that seemed to back up or contradict either view. Here, I review those studies that explicitly dealt with the role of the error-related ERPs in subjective error awareness, and try to explain the differences in reported effects of error awareness on ERN amplitude. From the point of view presented here, different findings between studies can be explained by disparities in experimental design and data analysis, specifically with respect to the quantification of subjective error awareness. Based on the review of these results, I will then try to embed the error-related negativity into a widely known model of the implementation of access consciousness in the brain, the global neuronal workspace (GNW) model, and speculate as the ERN's potential role in such a framework. At last, I will outline future challenges in the investigation of the cortical electrophysiology of error awareness, and offer some suggestions on how they could potentially be addressed.

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Self-citation

Authors: Wessel, J. R.
Affiliations: Max Planck Society (DE)
Corresponding author: Wessel, Jan R.
ORCID: Wessel, Jan R.
Venue: Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Published: 2012
Volume: 6
Pages: 88-88
ISSN: 1662-5161 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00088
PMC: PMC3328124
OpenAlex: W2003004992
Cited by: 215
References: 86
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 3
FWCI: 7.70
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc
Locations: Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Free Will and Agency
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
Keywords: error-related negativity, error awareness, error positivity, error processing, access consciousness, event-related potentials, ERP amplitude

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Error awareness and the error-related negativity: evaluating the first decade of evidence

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