A biopsychosocial model based on negative feedback and control
Open accessAbstract
Although the biopsychosocial model has been a popular topic of discussion for over four decades it has not had the traction in fields of research that might be expected of such an intuitively appealing idea. One reason for this might be the absence of an identified mechanism or a functional architecture that is authentically biopsychosocial. What is needed is a robust mechanism that is equally important to biochemical processes as it is to psychological and social processes. Negative feedback may be the mechanism that is required. Negative feedback has been implicated in the regulation of neurotransmitters as well as important psychological and social processes such as emotional regulation and the relationship between a psychotherapist and a client. Moreover, negative feedback is purported to also govern the activity of all other organisms as well as humans. Perceptual Control Theory (PCT) describes the way in which negative feedback establishes control at increasing levels of perceptual complexity. Thus, PCT may be the first biopsychosocial model to be articulated in functional terms. In this paper we outline the working model of PCT and explain how PCT provides an embodied hierarchical neural architecture that utilizes negative feedback to control physiological, psychological, and social variables. PCT has major implications for both research and practice and, importantly, provides a guide by which fields of research that are currently separated may be integrated to bring about substantial progress in understanding the way in which the brain alters, and is altered by, its behavioral and environmental context.
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MOL is based on an all-encompassing psychological theory: Perceptual Control Theory, according to which the most important principle guiding life is control.
“MOL is based on an all-encompassing psychological theory: Perceptual Control Theory (80, 81), according to which the most important principle guiding life – from the level of basic biological functioning all the way up to mental health and well-being – is control.”
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Session 2 What Blocks Our Control?
Morris, L., McEvoy, P., Wallwork, T., Bates, R., Comiskey, J., & Mansell, W. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813989-9.00006-3
Self-citationGlobal Mental Health Perspectives on Rural and Remote Mental Health Provision
White, R. G., Islam, N., & Kasujja, R. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-5012-1_3-1
Health Through the Lens of Control: A Different Look at Well-Being and Being Well
Carey, T. A., Tai, S., & Griffiths, R. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-68053-4_4
Self-citationGlobal Mental Health Perspectives on Rural and Remote Mental Health Provision
White, R. G., Islam, N., & Kasujja, R. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-6631-8_3
Androsiuk, Ł., Łuczak, M. J., & Obrycka, M. (2025) · Journal of Modern Science · doi:10.13166/jms/210404
Consciousness: The control of quality
Young, R. (2025) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2025.101214
Development of a tool for assessing awareness of consequences of suicide
Macintyre, V. G., Pratt, D., Mansell, W., & Tai, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1736232
Self-citationBertram, R. M., & Carey, T. A. (2026) · Global Implementation Research and Applications · doi:10.1007/s43477-026-00216-7
Self-citationKrupa, A., & Plinta, R. (2026) · Societies · doi:10.3390/soc16060197
- Authors
- Carey, T. A., Mansell, W., & Tai, S. J.
- Affiliations
- Flinders University (AU)
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Carey, Timothy A.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2014
- Volume
- 8
- Pages
- 94-94
- ISSN
- 1662-5161 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3937810
- OpenAlex
- W2073916864
- Cited by
- 57
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 0.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Embodied and Extended Cognition
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy and History of Science
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Cybernetics and Technology in Society
- Keywords
- biopsychosocial model, negative feedback, perceptual control theory, hierarchical neural architecture, embodied cognition, neurotransmitter modulation, emotion regulation, therapeutic relationship
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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