Measuring Delusional Ideation: The 21-Item Peters et al. Delusions Inventory (PDI)
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that in the general population there are schizotypal traits and symptoms that can be measured psychometrically. Norms are reported for a new 21-item version of the Peters et al. Delusions Inventory (PDI; Peters et al. 1999b). The PDI, originally based on the Present State Examination, incorporates the multidimensionality of delusions by including measures of distress, preoccupation, and conviction. A total of 444 healthy individuals completed the 21-item PDI and two other questionnaires measuring florid delusions and social desirability. A subsample also filled out an in-depth schizotypal personality scale. Thirty-three deluded inpatients also completed the PDI. The PDI's psychometric properties confirmed that it remains a reliable and valid instrument to measure delusional ideation in the general population. Consistent with the 40-item PDI, it was normally distributed, no sex differences were found, and there was an inverse relationship with age. Individual items were endorsed by just over one in four healthy adults. Although the deluded sample scored significantly higher, the range of scores overlapped considerably, with 11 percent of healthy adults scoring higher than the mean of the deluded group. As with our previous findings, the two samples were differentiated by their ratings on the distress, preoccupation, and conviction scales. These results suggest that these dimensions may be more important than the content of belief alone for placing an individual on the continuum between normal and delusional thinking.
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The Cardiff Anomalous Perception Scale (CAPS) and the Peters Delusion Inventory (PDI) are specific to clinical features relating to hallucinations and delusions respectively.
“Note that, although other schizotypy scales such as Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE) (27) and Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) (28) characterize a number of schizotypal features, CAPS and PDI are specific to clinical features relating to hallucinations and delusions respectively.”
From Shift toward prior knowledge confers a perceptual advantage in early psychosis and psychosis-prone healthy individuals (2015) · cites this paper as [17]
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“Furthermore, the PDI attempts to capture the multidimensionality of delusions; Peters claims: ''It is not what you believe but how you believe it'' (Peters et al., 2004a); as such, for every belief endorsed, subjects are required to fill out 5-point Likert scales that assess the degree of distress,…”
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- Authors
- Peters, E., Joseph, S., Day, S., & Garety, P.
- Affiliations
- University of London (GB)
- University of Warwick (GB)
- University College Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Peters, E.
- Venue
- Schizophrenia Bulletin
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2004-01-01
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1005-1022
- ISSN
- 0586-7614 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-1701
- OpenAlex
- W2073117468
- Cited by
- 607
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 6.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Schizophrenia Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Keywords
- delusional ideation
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Delusions, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Severity of Illness Index
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