Subjective well-being and adaptation to life events: A meta-analysis.
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Previous research has shown that major life events can have short- and long-term effects on subjective well-being (SWB). The present meta-analysis examines (a) whether life events have different effects on affective and cognitive well-being and (b) how the rate of adaptation varies across different life events. Longitudinal data from 188 publications (313 samples, N = 65,911) were integrated to describe the reaction and adaptation to 4 family events (marriage, divorce, bereavement, childbirth) and 4 work events (unemployment, reemployment, retirement, relocation/migration). The findings show that life events have very different effects on affective and cognitive well-being and that for most events the effects of life events on cognitive well-being are stronger and more consistent across samples. Different life events differ in their effects on SWB, but these effects are not a function of the alleged desirability of events. The results are discussed with respect to their theoretical implications, and recommendations for future studies on adaptation are given.
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Unemployment has been consistently shown to have a strong and relatively persistent negative effect on well-being.
“Unemployment has been consistently shown to have a strong and relatively persistent negative effect on well-being (e.g., Lucas, 2007; Luhmann et al., 2012).”
From Life Events and Personality Trait Change. (2018) · cites this paper as Luhmann et al., 2012
The Results > Unemployment summary reports a strong initial negative effect on cognitive well-being that persisted, with pre-event levels reached only after approximately three years. It also says affective well-being outcomes varied widely across studies, including positive effects, so the claim's implication of a consistently strong negative effect across well-being measures is overstated. Page numbers are not provided in the supplied passages. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredChange in response to life events is often non-linear or discontinuous.
“research on change in other personality-relevant characteristics such as subjective well-being (e.g., Lucas, 2007; Luhmann et al., 2012) or self-esteem (Bleidorn et al., 2016; Chung, Robins, Trzesniewski, Noftle, Roberts, & Widaman, 2013) has shown that change in response to life events is often non-linear or discontinuous.”
From Life Events and Personality Trait Change. (2018) · cites this paper as Luhmann et al., 2012
Widowhood is usually understood as an extremely stressful life event with both sudden and gradual negative effects on subjective well-being.
“Widowhood is usually understood as an extremely stressful life event with both sudden and gradual negative effects on subjective well-being (e.g., Luhmann et al., 2012).”
From Life Events and Personality Trait Change. (2018) · cites this paper as Luhmann et al., 2012
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Advances in subjective well-being research
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- Authors
- Luhmann, M., Hofmann, W., Eid, M., & Lucas, R. E.
- Affiliations
- Freie Universität Berlin (DE)
- University of Chicago (US)
- Michigan State University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2012-03
- Volume
- 102
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 592-615
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- PMC
- PMC3289759
- OpenAlex
- W2148329871
- Cited by
- 1,410
- References
- 264
- Citations by year
- 2026: 89 · 2025: 111 · 2024: 94 · 2023: 131 · 2022: 146 · 2021: 143 · 2020: 117 · 2019: 127 · 2018: 74 · 2017: 109 · 2016: 85 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 56 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 51.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (AG032001)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Keywords
- subjective well-being, life events, psychological adjustment, emotional well-being, cognitive well-being, family events, work events, marriage, divorce, bereavement, childbirth, unemployment, retirement, relocation, migration
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Bereavement, Divorce, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Marriage, Middle Aged, Personal Satisfaction, Retirement, Unemployment, Parturition
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