Changing Brain Networks Through Non-invasive Neuromodulation

“…2012; Vanneste and De Ridder, 2011; Meinzer et al., 2012, 2013; Peña-Gómez et al., 2012; Chib et al., 2013; Park et al., 2013; Stagg et al., 2013; Ding et al., 2014; Weber et al., 2014), suggesting that stimulation is not influencing the target area in isolation, but rather a brain network (Alon…”

“In rTMS studies, the left and right DLPFC have been the target for LF and HF rTMS studies in depression (e.g., George et al., 2010; Triggs et al., 2010; Ray et al., 2011; Baeken et al., 2013, 2014), post-traumatic stress disorder (e.g., Boggio et al., 2010; Watts et al., 2012), panic disorder…”

“…al., 2012; Frontiers in Human Neuroscience | www.frontiersin.org 1 April 2018 | Volume 12 | Article 128 Brunoni et al., 2012; Sun et al., 2012; Berlim et al., 2013; Li et al., 2013;Marangolo et al., 2013; Villamar et al., 2013b; Donnell et al., 2015; Douglas et al., 2015; Shekhawat et al., 2016).”

“…(e.g., Mantovani et al., 2013), schizophrenia targeting the negative symptoms (e.g., Rollnik et al., 2000; Hajak et al., 2004; Cordes et al., 2010; Prikryl et al., 2013) and in addiction disorders—more specifically food (e.g., Van den Eynde et al., 2010; Barth et al., 2011), alcohol (e.g., Mishra…”

“This sliding of the modification threshold for increased excitation (or long-term potentiation, LTP) and decreased excitation (or LTD), depending on the previous history of neural activity is referred as ‘‘metaplasticity’’ or ‘‘homeostatic plasticity’’ (Abraham and Bear, 1996; Desai, 2003; Lang et al., 2004; Siebner e…”

“More specifically for cTBS, Ji et al. (2017) have demonstrated that low frequency (LF; 1 Hz) rTMS and cTBS share similar short-term aftereffects in both topographical and temporal profiles, suggesting a similar underlying mechanism (Ji et al., 2017).”

“Depression Depression is clinical disorder known to result from a disruption of brain neurochemistry (Akhtar et al., 2016).”

“…fMRI to investigate whether TBS can induce increased or decreased functional connectivity between specific brain areas (e.g., intrahemispheric or interhemispheric connectivity changes; e.g., Rahnev et al., 2013; Noh et al., 2015; Valchev et al., 2015; Mancini et al., 2017) in healthy subjects.”

“…is varied randomly, i.e., tRNS was found to be superior both to tDCS (where stimulation current is held constant) and tACS (where stimulation current is time dependent with a sinusoidal shape) when applied bilaterally over the temporal cortex (Vanneste et al., 2013a; Van Doren et al., 2014).”

“This sliding of the modification threshold for increased excitation (or long-term potentiation, LTP) and decreased excitation (or LTD), depending on the previous history of neural activity is referred as ‘‘metaplasticity’’ or ‘‘homeostatic plasticity’’ (Abraham and Bear, 1996; Desai, 2003; Lang et al., 2004; Siebner e…”

“Two studies suggest that the efficacy of rTMS in tinnitus can be enhanced by stimulating prefrontal cortical areas in addition to the auditory cortex (Kleinjung et al., 2008; Lehner et al., 2013).”

“…studies have associated the (dorsolateral) prefrontal cortex with top-down prefrontal control, important in various disorder including tinnitus (Mitchell et al., 2005), substance use disorder (Bradshaw et al., 2017), pain (Martinez et al., 2017), depression (Ochsner and Gross, 2005) and…”

“One tDCS study simultaneously targeted the auditory cortex with the DLPFC by placing the cathode on the auditory cortex and the anode over the prefrontal cortex for five sessions (Pal et al., 2015).”

“…et al. (2013, 2014) LF rTMS to the right DLPFC e.g., Klein et al. (1999), Januel et al. (2006), Fitzgerald et al. (2008), Bares et al. (2009) and Aguirre et al. (2011) Combined modulation of HF left DLPFC then LF right DLPFC during same session e.g., Hausmann et al. (2004), Fitzgerald et al.…”

“…al., 2012; Frontiers in Human Neuroscience | www.frontiersin.org 1 April 2018 | Volume 12 | Article 128 Brunoni et al., 2012; Sun et al., 2012; Berlim et al., 2013; Li et al., 2013;Marangolo et al., 2013; Villamar et al., 2013b; Donnell et al., 2015; Douglas et al., 2015; Shekhawat et al., 2016).”

“…Anode left auditory cortex—cathode contralateral supraorbital region e.g., Fregni et al. (2006), Garin et al. (2011), Shekhawat et al. (2013) and Forogh et al. (2016) Anode right DLPFC—cathode right DLPFC e.g., Vanneste et al. (2010), Vanneste and De Ridder (2011), De Ridder and Vanneste…”

“With more advanced designs of non-invasive neuromodulation, studies have shown the possibility of targeting these deeper brain structures using, for example, double cone coil rTMS (Hayward et al., 2007; De Ridder et al., 2011; Deng et al., 2014; Kreuzer et al., 2015) or high definition tDCS (DaSilva et al.”

“Bifrontal tDCS where the anode is placed over the right DLPFC and the cathode over the left DLPFC, has been investigated in several tinnitus studies (Vanneste et al., 2010; Vanneste and De Ridder, 2011; De Ridder and Vanneste, 2012).”

“…neural structure on a ‘‘macro’’ network-based connectivity level, tDCS studies have also been examining the effects of the brain’s neural structure on a ‘‘micro’’ neurometabolites level, in an attempt to explain local and distributed processing in functional brain networks (Hunter et al., 2013).”

“…(e.g., Rollnik et al., 2000; Hajak et al., 2004; Cordes et al., 2010; Prikryl et al., 2013) and in addiction disorders—more specifically food (e.g., Van den Eynde et al., 2010; Barth et al., 2011), alcohol (e.g., Mishra et al., 2010) and cigarettes (e.g., Li et al., 2013; Prikryl et al., 2014).”

“…2012), panic disorder (e.g., Mantovani et al., 2013), schizophrenia targeting the negative symptoms (e.g., Rollnik et al., 2000; Hajak et al., 2004; Cordes et al., 2010; Prikryl et al., 2013) and in addiction disorders—more specifically food (e.g., Van den Eynde et al., 2010; Barth et al., 2011),…”

“Abnormally increased DMN connectivity has been found in association with depression (Anand et al., 2005; Greicius et al., 2007; Broyd et al., 2009; Sheline et al., 2010; Liston et al., 2014; Kaiser et al., 2015), more specifically related to rumination and deficits in emotion regulation (Sheline et al.”

“Using resting state functional connectivity, Krishnamurthy et al. (2015) further suggest that tDCS might prime not just the underlying neocortex, but an extended network that can be recruited according to the task demands.”

“…of HF left DLPFC then LF right DLPFC during same session e.g., Hausmann et al. (2004), Fitzgerald et al. (2006a, 2012), Garcia-Toro et al. (2006), McDonald et al. (2006), Pallanti et al. (2010) and Blumberger et al. (2012a) Combined modulation of HF left than right DMPFC e.g., Downar et al.…”

“In rTMS studies, the left and right DLPFC have been the target for LF and HF rTMS studies in depression (e.g., George et al., 2010; Triggs et al., 2010; Ray et al., 2011; Baeken et al., 2013, 2014), post-traumatic stress disorder (e.”

“More recently, the introduction of High-Definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) has improved the spatial accuracy of conventional tDCS by using arrays of smaller ‘‘highdefinition’’ electrodes instead of two large pad electrodes (Datta et al., 2009; Dmochowski et al., 2011; Guleyupoglu et al., 2013; Villamar et al., 2013a; Heimrath…”

“…fMRI to investigate whether TBS can induce increased or decreased functional connectivity between specific brain areas (e.g., intrahemispheric or interhemispheric connectivity changes; e.g., Rahnev et al., 2013; Noh et al., 2015; Valchev et al., 2015; Mancini et al., 2017) in healthy subjects.”

“…the (dorsolateral) prefrontal cortex with top-down prefrontal control, important in various disorder including tinnitus (Mitchell et al., 2005), substance use disorder (Bradshaw et al., 2017), pain (Martinez et al., 2017), depression (Ochsner and Gross, 2005) and schizophrenia (Mayer et al., 2015).”

“…(3) the primary somatosensory cortex (Valchev et al., 2015); (4) the primary motor cortex (CárdenasMorales et al., 2014; Cocchi et al., 2015; Noh et al., 2015); (5) the precuneus (Mancini et al., 2017); and (6) the DLPFC (Gratton et al., 2013; Mastropasqua et al., 2014; Iwabuchi et al., 2017).”

“More recently, studies have applied bilateral tDCS, placing the anode electrode over the left DLPFC and the cathode over the right DLPFC instead of the right supraorbital region (e.g., Ferrucci et al., 2009; Brunoni et al., 2013, 2014; Valiengo et al., 2013, 2016, 2017).”

“…the (dorsolateral) prefrontal cortex with top-down prefrontal control, important in various disorder including tinnitus (Mitchell et al., 2005), substance use disorder (Bradshaw et al., 2017), pain (Martinez et al., 2017), depression (Ochsner and Gross, 2005) and schizophrenia (Mayer et al., 2015).”

“According to the rehabilitation potentiality of the Non Invasive Brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques [256, 257], further research in the future could be crucial to evaluate neuromodulation approaches to improve functions mediated by the cerebellum [233].”

“This change in oscillations may rapidly spread through brain networks to related brain regions [3,4].”

“For instance, focus on dysfunctional sensorimotor networks or limbic salience via non-invasive brain stimulation techniques like transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) or transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may provide a therapeutic advantage for FND individuals [171,172].”

“There is increasing evidence that regional stimulation might improve tinnitus, but the optimal target (or multiple targets) of stimulation is still under debate (Chung et al., 2012; Lehner et al., 2016; Lehner et al., 2013; To et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2015).”

“The relatively strong prediction based upon spectral similarity is consistent with the observation that frequency spectrum coupling shapes brain network connectivity (To et al., 2018).”