Changing Brain Networks Through Non-invasive Neuromodulation

“A generic property of a network is that dysfunction can spread easily between linked elements, leading to pathological cascades that include large parts of the system (Buldyrev et al., 2010; Huang et al., 2011).”

“…the (dorsolateral) prefrontal cortex with top-down prefrontal control, important in various disorder including tinnitus (Mitchell et al., 2005), substance use disorder (Bradshaw et al., 2017), pain (Martinez et al., 2017), depression (Ochsner and Gross, 2005) and schizophrenia (Mayer et al., 2015).”

“…been suggested as a mechanism underlying the preoccupation with self-referential processes related to DMN hyperactivity, and deficits in cognitive functioning, associated with CEN hypoconnectivity (Menon, 2011; Manoliu et al., 2013; Kaiser et al., 2015; Anderson et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2016).”

“…Mayberg, 2009; Fox et al., Frontiers in Human Neuroscience | www.frontiersin.org 8 April 2018 | Volume 12 | Article 128 2012a) to decrease hyperactivity in this brain region as this has been associated with antidepressant response in depressed patients (Mayberg et al., 2005; Drevets et al., 2008).”

“Connectivity in brain networks can indeed be assessed in different ways (Friston, 2011).”

“, 2005) might have important implications for understanding clinical brain disorders (Bullmore and Sporns, 2012; Menon, 2013; Rubinov and Bullmore, 2013; van den Heuvel and Sporns, 2013a; Crossley et al., 2014).”

“Conceptualizing the brain as a network (Sporns et al., 2005) might have important implications for understanding clinical brain disorders (Bullmore and Sporns, 2012; Menon, 2013; Rubinov and Bullmore, 2013; van den Heuvel and Sporns, 2013a; Crossley et al.”

“Another brain region that has been considered a key region in emotion regulation (Mayberg et al., 1999) and that has recently been investigated as a new rTMS target for depression is the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC; i.e., DMN node; Downar and Daskalakis, 2013; Anderson et al., 2016; Liu S.…”

“According to the rehabilitation potentiality of the Non Invasive Brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques [256, 257], further research in the future could be crucial to evaluate neuromodulation approaches to improve functions mediated by the cerebellum [233].”

“This change in oscillations may rapidly spread through brain networks to related brain regions [3,4].”

“For instance, focus on dysfunctional sensorimotor networks or limbic salience via non-invasive brain stimulation techniques like transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) or transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may provide a therapeutic advantage for FND individuals [171,172].”

“There is increasing evidence that regional stimulation might improve tinnitus, but the optimal target (or multiple targets) of stimulation is still under debate (Chung et al., 2012; Lehner et al., 2016; Lehner et al., 2013; To et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2015).”

“The relatively strong prediction based upon spectral similarity is consistent with the observation that frequency spectrum coupling shapes brain network connectivity (To et al., 2018).”