Cited by 135Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation StudiesDeep Brain Stimulation and Movement DisordersFunctional Brain Connectivity Studies

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Changing Brain Networks Through Non-invasive Neuromodulation

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To, Wing Ting, De Ridder, Dirk, Hart Jr., John, Vanneste, Sven·2018·Frontiers in Human Neuroscience

DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00128PMC PMC5908883

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Abstract

Background/Objective: Non-invasive neuromodulation techniques, such as repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS), have increasingly been investigated for their potential as treatments for neurological and psychiatric disorders. Despite widespread dissemination of these techniques, the underlying therapeutic mechanisms and the ideal stimulation site for a given disorder remain unknown. Increasing evidence support the possibility of non-invasive neuromodulation affecting a brain network rather than just the local stimulation target. In this paper, we present evidence in a clinical setting to support the idea that non-invasive neuromodulation changes brain networks. Method: This paper addresses the idea that non-invasive neuromodulation modulates brain networks, rather than just the local stimulation target, using neuromodulation studies in tinnitus and major depression as examples. We present studies that support this hypothesis from different perspectives. Main Results/Conclusion: Studies stimulating the same brain region, such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, have shown to be effective for several disorders and studies using different stimulation sites for the same disorder have shown similar results. These findings, as well as results from studies investigating brain network connectivity on both macro and micro levels, suggest that non-invasive neuromodulation affects a brain network rather than just the local stimulation site targeted. We propose that non-invasive neuromodulation should be approached from a network perspective and emphasize the therapeutic potential of this approach through the modulation of targeted brain networks.

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Figure 1 Brain networks can be represented as a graph comprising of a set of nodes (black dots) and a collection of edges (black lines in between the black dots). A subset of nodes of the network that show strong interaction among each other than other nodes in other subset of nodes are represented as modules (colored communities). Provincial hubs are highly connected nodes that primary connect nodes in the same module (e.g., green node). Connector hubs are highly connected nodes that has a diverse connectivity profile because it is connecting to several different modules within the brain network (e.g., red node).CC BY · PubMed Central

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State-dependent tDCS modulation of the somatomotor network: A MEG study
Masina, F., Montemurro, S., Marino, M., Manzo, N., Pellegrino, G., & Arcara, G. (2022) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2022.07.508 · Cited by 12
Variation of cerebrospinal fluid in specific regions regulates focality in transcranial direct current stimulation
Kashyap, R., Bhattacharjee, S., Bharath, R. D., Venkatasubramanian, G., Udupa, K., Bashir, S., Oishi, K., Desmond, J. E., Chen, S. A., & Guan, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.952602 · Cited by 12
“One such requirement is to gauge focality when multiple ROIs (or network of ROIs) need to be targeted (To et al., 2018).”
Background
High-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Mediates Autophagy Flux in Human Bone Mesenchymal Stromal Cells via NMDA Receptor–Ca2+–Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase–Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Signaling
Wang, X., Zhou, X. W., Bao, J., Chen, Z., Tang, J., Gong, X., Ni, J., Fang, Q., Liu, Y., & Su, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.01225 · Cited by 11
“In addition, rTMS can intervene in various electrostatic processes, such as protein– protein interactions (To et al., 2018).”
Background
Non-invasive treatments improve patient outcomes in chronic tinnitus: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Lu, T., Wang, Q., Gu, Z., Li, Z., & Yan, Z. (2024) · Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology · doi:10.1016/j.bjorl.2024.101438 · Cited by 11
Cerebellar Activity Affects Distal Cortical Physiology and Synaptic Plasticity in a Human Parietal–Motor Pathway Associated with Motor Actions
Goldenkoff, E. R., Brissenden, J. A., Lee, T. G., Michon, K. J., & Vesia, M. (2025) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0404-25.2025 · Cited by 11
Single Session Effects of Prolonged Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation Targeting Two Brain Regions on Pain Perception in Patients with Painful Diabetic Neuropathy: A Preliminary Study
Thakkar, B., Peterson, C. L., & Acevedo, E. O. (2024) · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.31083/j.jin2303054 · Cited by 13
“Previous studies where rTMS has been utilized as an intervention in patients with neuropsychiatric disorders have revealed that rTMS not only modulates the activity of the stimulation target but also alters the network activity in surrounding brain regions [65,66].”
Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on brain network connectivity and complexity in motor imagery
Yang, K., Xi, X., Wang, T., Wang, J., Kong, W., Zhao, Y., & Zhang, Q. (2021) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135968 · Cited by 10
“Non-invasive neuromodulators affect the brain network as a whole and do not singularly target the local stimulation site [15]; therefore, we can explore the effect of different electrical stimulation experiments by analyzing the connectivity and complexity of the brain network before and after stimulation.”
Background
The visual system as target of non-invasive brain stimulation for migraine treatment: Current insights and future challenges
Lau, C. I., Chen, W., & Walsh, V. (2020) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.05.018 · Cited by 10
Alterations in large-scale resting-state network nodes following transcranial focused ultrasound of deep brain structures
Gorka, S. M., Jimmy, J., Koning, K. M., Phan, K. L., Rotstein, N. M., Dang, B. H., Halavi, S. E., Spivak, N. M., Monti, M. M., Reggente, N., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2024.1486770 · Cited by 9
Intrinsic functional connectivity correlates of pro-environmentalism
Carlson, J. M., Oja, M., & Fang, L. (2024) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2024.102512 · Cited by 9
Efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for subjective chronic tinnitus: a randomized controlled trial meta-analysis
He, Z., Liao, D., Ji, Q., Yan, S., & Ai, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2025.1579846 · Cited by 9
“Low-frequency rTMS (= 1 Hz) has been associated with inhibitory eﬀects on neuroplasticity (To et al., 2018).”
Targeting network hubs with noninvasive brain stimulation in patients with fibromyalgia
Kaplan, C. M., Harris, R. E., Lee, U., DaSilva, A. F. M., Mashour, G. A., & Harte, S. E. (2019) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001696 · Cited by 9
“In parallel to the chronic pain field, research on noninvasive brain stimulation has evolved from a focus on the effects on a specific brain region, to examining how brain stimulation changes network dynamics on a global scale.(23,25) A recent study used network control theory to predict the effects of stimulating dif…”
Background
Reducing suicidal ideation by biofeedback-guided respiration – heart rate coherence
Jelinek, H. F., & Khandoker, A. H. (2020) · Digital Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/2575517x.2020.1732733 · Cited by 9
“However around 30% of this clinical group does not respond to either behavioral therapy or anti-depressive medication having led to the search for alternative therapies including repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), transcranial direct current Sstimulation (tDCS) and vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) [6,7].”
Background
Noninvasive Brain Stimulation: An Overview of Available Approaches for Research in Neuroaesthetics
Cattaneo, Z. (2018) · Empirical Studies of the Arts · doi:10.1177/0276237418818637 · Cited by 9
Multisite non-invasive brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: A scoping review
Machado, C. B. D. S., da Silva, L. M., Gonçalves, A. F., de Andrade, P. R., Mendes, C. K. T. T., de Assis, T. J. C. F., Júnior, C. D. O. G., & Andrade, S. M. (2021) · Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3233/nre-210190 · Cited by 8
“Changes in cortical networks by NIBS have been reported in previous studies (Hess, 2013; To et al., 2018), however, the dynamic of these effects depends of methodological issues, such as time, electrode montage and stimulation parameters (Deng et al.”
Method
Early differences in lassitude predicts outcomes in Stanford Neuromodulation Therapy for difficult to treat depression
Benrimoh, D. A., Azeez, A., Batail, J.-M. V., Xiao, X., Buchanan, D. M., Bandeira, I. D., Geoly, A. D., Keynan, N. Y., Kratter, I. H., & Williams, N. (2024) · npj Mental Health Research · doi:10.1038/s44184-024-00099-2 · Cited by 8
“…other treatments (e.g. treatmentasusual)andmayhelptoidentifyif,inagiventimespan,theSNT processitself,regardlessofstimulation,leadstomoreimprovementinlas-situdethanothertreatments. rTMSdoesnotonlyproducelocalizedeffects;rather,bystimulating oneregionitcanhaveeffectsoninterconnectedbrainnetworks 34 .”
Dual-site beta transcranial alternating current stimulation during a bimanual coordination task modulates functional connectivity between motor areas
Gann, M. A., Paparella, I., Zich, C., Grigoras, I., Huertas‐Penen, S., Rieger, S. W., Thielscher, A., Sharott, A., Stagg, C. J., & Schwab, B. C. (2025) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2025.08.011 · Cited by 7
Low-intensity ultrasound stimulation modulates time-frequency patterns of cerebral blood oxygenation and neurovascular coupling of mouse under peripheral sensory stimulation state
Yuan, Y., Wu, Q., Wang, X., Liu, M., Yan, J., & Ji, H. (2023) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.119979 · Cited by 8
Nonlinear dose-response relationship in tDCS-induced brain network synchrony: A resting-state whole-brain model analysis
Shao, H., Gu, G., Guo, X., Li, X., & Cui, D. Y. (2025) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2025.108675 · Cited by 7
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation as Treatment for Mal de Debarquement Syndrome: Case Report and Literature Review
Buard, I., Lopez‐Esquibel, N., Schoeneberger, S., Berliner, J. M., & Kluger, B. M. (2020) · Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology · doi:10.1097/wnn.0000000000000224 · Cited by 7
Adjuvant treatment with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in freshly diagnosed alcohol-dependence syndrome patients from an industry
Gupta, A. K., Kumar, A., & Chandrashekhar, N. (2021) · Industrial Psychiatry Journal · doi:10.4103/0972-6748.328795 · Cited by 7
“© 2021 Industrial Psychiatry Journal | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow S93 session.[4-8] Many studies have suggested that rTMS could be efficacious in the treatment of major depression and other psychiatric indications.”
Background
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Temporoparietal Junction in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Results of a Phase‐IIa Randomized, Double‐Blind, Sham‐Controlled Feasibility Study
Luckhardt, C., Schütz, M., Mühlherr, A. M., Boxhoorn, S., Ecker, C., Mössinger, H., Siemann, J., Schlechter, F., Castelo-Branco, M. S., Pereira, H. C., et al. (2025) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.70084 · Cited by 6
“It modulates cortical excitability, resulting in changes of resting state activity (Boonstra et al. 2016) and functional connectivity of brain networks (To et al. 2018).”
Noise improves the association between effects of local stimulation and structural degree of brain networks
Zheng, Y., Tang, S., Zheng, H., Wang, X., Liu, L., Yang, Y., Zhen, Y., & Zheng, Z. (2023) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010866 · Cited by 6
Brain Stimulation for Emotion Regulation in Adolescents With Psychiatric Disorders: Study Protocol for a Clinical-Transdiagnostical, Randomized, Triple-Blinded and Sham-Controlled Neurotherapeutic Trial
Konicar, L., Prillinger, K., Klöbl, M., Lanzenberger, R. R., Antal, A., & Plener, P. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.840836 · Cited by 7
“tDCS is also able to alter brain connectivity and thus likely modulate neural communication (32).”
Background
Cochlear implant induced changes in cortical networks associated with tinnitus severity
Shoushtarian, M., Esmaelpoor, J., Bravo, M., & Fallon, J. B. (2024) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ad731d · Cited by 5
“To et al reported on evidence from studies on tinnitus and major depression showing effectiveness of neuromodulation techniques targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for both these conditions [31].”
Cortical waves and post‐stroke brain stimulation
Bessonov, N., Beuter, A. C., Trofimchuk, S. I., & Volpert, V. A. (2019) · Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences · doi:10.1002/mma.5620 · Cited by 5
A scoping review of tinnitus research undertaken by New Zealand researchers: Aotearoa–an international hotspot for tinnitus innovation and collaboration
Searchfield, G. D., Adhia, D. B., Barde, A., Ridder, D. D., Doborjeh, M., Doborjeh, Z., Goodey, R., Maslin, M. R. D., Sanders, P. J., Smith, P. F., et al. (2024) · Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand · doi:10.1080/03036758.2024.2363424 · Cited by 5
“Further stimulation options include multisite electrical stimulation and bimodal stimulation (De Ridder and Vanneste 2014a; To et al. 2018; De Ridder, Adhia, et al. 2021).”
An improved platform for cultured neuronal network electrophysiology: multichannel optogenetics integrated with MEAs
Bayat, F. K., Alp, M. İ., Bostan, S., Gülçür, H. Ö., Öztürk, G., & Güveniş, A. (2022) · European Biophysics Journal · doi:10.1007/s00249-022-01613-0 · Cited by 5
Intraoperative cortical stimulation mapping with laryngeal electromyography for the localization of human laryngeal motor cortex
Ammanuel, S. G., Kondapavulur, S., Lu, A. Y., Breshears, J. D., Clark, J. P., Silva, A. B., & Chang, E. F. (2024) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/2023.10.jns231023 · Cited by 4
CAN TRANSCRANIAL DIRECT CURRENT STIMULATION OVER THE DORSOLATERAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX ENHANCE PROPRIOCEPTION?Preprint
Beck, E. N., Narayanan, S. S., McDermott, R., & Witney, A. G. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/539510 · Cited by 5
“The DLPFC is a critical region for 109 cognitive and emotional processing, properties previously exploited with anodal tDCS to 110 modulate working memory (29,30), sustained attention (31), depression (32,33), and various 111 other processes in both healthy and patient populations (34).”
Background
Cognitive Outcomes After Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for the Treatment of Late-Life Depression: Résultats cognitifs après la stimulation magnétique transcrânienne pour le traitement de la dépression chez les personnes âgées
Göke, K., McClintock, S. M., Mah, L., Rajji, T. K., Lee, H. H., Nestor, S. M., Downar, J., Noda, Y., Daskalakis, Z. J., Mulsant, B. H., et al. (2026) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/07067437251315515 · Cited by 4
“…executive functions, such as response inhibition,set-shifting,andplanning. rTMSusesfocusedmag-netic ﬁ eld pulses to modify neural activity at the stimulation site and can induce structural and functional connectivity changes in distributed brain networks, 14 including the cognitive control network.”
Network Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials Assessing Neuromodulation Therapies for Painful Diabetic Neuropathy
Li, L., Luo, X., Liu, Y., Jiang, Y., Chen, Y., Chen, Y., & Wang, J. (2025) · Neurology and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40120-025-00759-1 · Cited by 4
“While M1-rTMS primarily modulated thalamocortical connectivity (Δ functional magnetic resonance imaging [fMRI] + 0.28; p < 0.001) [77, 78], pcTBS exhibited GABAergic plasticity enhancement (ΔGABA/ creatine ratio magnetic resonance spectroscopy [MRS] + 15%; p = 0.007) [79].”
Influential
Mindfulness practices and transcranial direct current stimulation: A systematic review and meta-analysis of self-reported mindfulness
Wickens, S., Gummersall, T., & Brown, T. (2025) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2025.106307 · Cited by 4
Objective assessment of tinnitus laterality
Shoushtarian, M., Esmaelpoor, J., Bravo, M., & Fallon, J. B. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0325903 · Cited by 4
“As an example, in most neuromodulation studies for tinnitus where techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation are used, the left auditory cortex or dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) are targeted [2].”
Brazilian research on noninvasive brain stimulation applied to health conditions
Sá, K. N., Santos, G. V., de Souza, M. P., de Andrade, D. C., & Baptista, A. F. (2021) · Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/0004-282x-anp-2020-0480 · Cited by 4
Virtual neural network-guided optimization of non-invasive brain stimulation in Alzheimer’s disease
Luppi, J. J., Stam, C. J., Scheltens, P., & de Haan, W. (2024) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011164 · Cited by 4
“Improvement of cognitive symptoms is presumably achieved by modulating pre-existing activity of specific parts of the brain, which in turn can exert influence on connected, unstimulated regions [20, 21].”
Background
Attention-dependent coupling with forebrain and brainstem neuromodulatory nuclei differs across the lifespan
Cicero, N. G., Riley, E., Swallow, K. M., Rosa, E. D., & Anderson, A. K. (2025) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-025-01582-0 · Cited by 4
“Neuromodulation techniques may be efficacious by targeting brain networks rather than just the focal region receiving stimulation [40–42].”
A modulator of cognitive function: Cerebellum modifies human cortical network dynamics via integrationPreprint
Bansal, K., Cattaneo, Z., Oldrati, V., Ferrari, C., Grossman, E. D., & Garcia, J. O. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.09.12.612716 · Cited by 4
“Neuromodulation has the potential to induce prolonged intervals of altered cortical dynamics between functionally connected circuits (Edwards et al., 2019; To et al., 2018).”
Background
Circuit-based neuromodulation for obsessive–compulsive disorder: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and translational case study
Ma, R., Wang, S., Yin, Z., Gan, Y., Zhao, Z., Yuan, T., Chen, Y., Du, T., Voon, V., Zhu, G., et al. (2026) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1139/jpn-24-0163 · Cited by 3
Online stimulation of the prefrontal cortex during practice increases motor variability and modulates later cognitive transfer: a randomized, double-blinded and sham-controlled tDCS study
Prabhu, N. M., Lehmann, N., Kaminski, E., Müller, N. G., & Taubert, M. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-70857-x · Cited by 3
“The prefrontal networks that support the strategy building aspect of motor learning were the prime targets of c-tDCS in our study 24,46 .”
BackgroundMethod
Effect of LASER therapy on plantar fasciitis pain: illuminating a promising treatment approach - a systematic review
Yadav, S., Sharma, S., Chatterjee, S., Sharma, A., & Thakur, S. (2025) · Lasers in Medical Science · doi:10.1007/s10103-025-04289-y · Cited by 3
“Additionally, LASER emission indirectly provides pain relief by stimu - lating the release of endogenous opioid peptides, acting as an analgesic by blocking pain signals carried by A-delta and C-fiber nerves [ 23, 45 –47 ].”
PAINLESS: protocol for a triple-blinded randomized sham-controlled multicenter trial of home-based transcranial electrical stimulation for pain management in patients with cancer
Antal, A., Ramasawmy, P., Rubal‐Otero, L., Chakalov, I., Rodríguez, M. Á., Hunold, A., Schellhorn, K., & Carrillo‐de‐la‐Peña, M. T. (2025) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-025-15143-3 · Cited by 2
“Repeated anodal tDCS of M1 mediates analgesia both through local and network effects in the brain, employing long-lasting neuroplastic modifications that outlast the stimulation period [108–110].”
The influence of psychosocial stress on functional connectivity and neuroendocrine markers in adolescents with depressive and comorbid anxiety disorders: a study protocol
Jacob, R., Otto, A., Jarvers, I., Kandsperger, S., Ecker, A., Schleicher, D., Malloni, W. M., Neumann, I. D., & Brunner, R. M. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07689-0 · Cited by 2
“Such findings could inform the refinement of neuromodulation techniques such as Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation or neurofeedback [21, 100], by targeting brain regions or connectivity profiles associated with impaired stress responses.”
Effect of class IV LASER therapy along with Low-dye kinesio-taping technique or plantar fascia stretching on pain, pain pressure threshold, and disability in individuals with plantar fasciitis: Double-blinded randomized clinical trial
Yadav, S., Sharma, S., Thakur, S. S., & Pattnaik, S. (2026) · Lasers in Medical Science · doi:10.1007/s10103-025-04778-0 · Cited by 2
“Additionally, LASER emission indirectly relieves pain by inducing the release of endogenous opioid peptides, which function as analgesics by blocking pain signals transmitted by A-delta and C-fibre nerves [ 2 , 20 –22].”
Patterns of structural brain differences in cocaine use disorder: Integrating multilevel frequentist, Bayesian, and coordinate-based meta-analyses
Bittencourt, A. M. L., FAVERO, B. P., Haas, C., Portolan, E. T., Gallardo, E., Rothmann, L. M., Grassi‐Oliveira, R., & Viola, T. W. (2026) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2026.113064 · Cited by 2
Dissociating mechanisms of spatial suppression and summation in human visual cortical regions MT/V5: a transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) study and clinical implications
Contò, F., Agosta, S., Tadin, D., Pascual‐Leone, Á., & Battelli, L. (2026) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2026.2677894 · Cited by 2
“These findings reinforce the view that noninvasive stimulation often exerts its influence through distributed networks rather than solely at the stimulation target (Cambiaghi, 2023; Contò et al., 2021; To et al., 2018).”
Quantifying test-retest reliability of repeated objective attentional measures in Lewy body dementia
Elder, G. J., Colloby, S. J., Firbank, M., & Taylor, J. (2022) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-022-10977-4 · Cited by 2
“Although attentional measures were not the primary outcome measure in the intervention group, tDCS may affect brain networks beyond the targeted localised region of interest [39].”
Background
The Contribution of Non-invasive Brain Stimulation to the Study of the Neural Bases of Creativity and Aesthetic Experience
Ciricugno, A., Slaby, R. J., Benedek, M., & Cattaneo, Z. (2023) · Current clinical neurology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-14724-1_7 · Cited by 3

Authors: To, W. T., De Ridder, D., Hart Jr., J., & Vanneste, S.
Affiliations: The University of Texas at Dallas (US)
Corresponding author: To, Wing Ting
ORCID: To, Wing Ting
Vanneste, Sven
Venue: Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Published: 2018-04-13
Volume: 12
Pages: 128-128
ISSN: 1662-5161 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00128
PMC: PMC5908883
OpenAlex: W2797266467
Cited by: 135
References: 237
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 9
FWCI: 1.16
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
Keywords: non-invasive neuromodulation, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, brain networks, tinnitus, major depressive disorder, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, brain network connectivity, stimulation site selection

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Changing Brain Networks Through Non-invasive Neuromodulation

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