Resting-state networks link invasive and noninvasive brain stimulation across diverse psychiatric and neurological diseases
Open accessAbstract
Brain stimulation, a therapy increasingly used for neurological and psychiatric disease, traditionally is divided into invasive approaches, such as deep brain stimulation (DBS), and noninvasive approaches, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation. The relationship between these approaches is unknown, therapeutic mechanisms remain unclear, and the ideal stimulation site for a given technique is often ambiguous, limiting optimization of the stimulation and its application in further disorders. In this article, we identify diseases treated with both types of stimulation, list the stimulation sites thought to be most effective in each disease, and test the hypothesis that these sites are different nodes within the same brain network as defined by resting-state functional-connectivity MRI. Sites where DBS was effective were functionally connected to sites where noninvasive brain stimulation was effective across diseases including depression, Parkinson's disease, obsessive-compulsive disorder, essential tremor, addiction, pain, minimally conscious states, and Alzheimer's disease. A lack of functional connectivity identified sites where stimulation was ineffective, and the sign of the correlation related to whether excitatory or inhibitory noninvasive stimulation was found clinically effective. These results suggest that resting-state functional connectivity may be useful for translating therapy between stimulation modalities, optimizing treatment, and identifying new stimulation targets. More broadly, this work supports a network perspective toward understanding and treating neuropsychiatric disease, highlighting the therapeutic potential of targeted brain network modulation.
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The default mode network (DMN) is a synchronous set of dispersed brain regions continuously active at rest, but showing reduced activity during cognitively effortful tasks.
“Central to this frame-shift in thinking was the discovery of the so-called default mode network (DMN), a synchronous set of dispersed brain regions continuously active at rest, but showing reduced activity during cognitively effortful tasks.38,39,95”
From Graph theory analysis of complex brain networks: new concepts in brain mapping applied to neurosurgery (2016) · cites this paper as [38]
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- Authors
- Fox, M. D., Buckner, R. L., Liu, H., Chakravarty, M. M., Lozano, A. M., & Pascual-Leone, A.
- Affiliations
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute (CA)
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 2S8; and
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215;
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2014-09-29
- Volume
- 111
- Issue
- 41
- Pages
- E4367-75
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC4205651
- OpenAlex
- W2046558738
- Cited by
- 617
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 55 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 62 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 26.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research
- American Brain Foundation
- American Academy of Neurology
- Harvard Catalyst (UL1-RR025758, RR025758)
- National Football League Players Association
- National Institutes of Health (R21 HD07616)
- National Institute on Aging (P50AG005134, P30AG062421)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R21MH099196)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (K23NS083741, R01NS073601, R21NS082870, K25NS069805, R21NS085491)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR025758)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R21HD07616, R01HD069776)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
- Keywords
- resting-state functional connectivity, deep brain stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, stimulation target selection, depression, Parkinson's disease, obsessive-compulsive disorder, essential tremor, addiction, pain, minimally conscious state, Alzheimer's disease, neuropsychiatric disorders, brain network modulation
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Brain, Humans, Nerve Net, Nervous System Diseases, Rest, Deep Brain Stimulation
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