The DOI matches its Crossref record; 8 of the 8 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Evaluation of Glymphatic System Using Diffusion MR Technique in T2DM Cases
Open accessAbstract
Objective: We aimed to evaluate the activity of the human glymphatic system in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using diffusion tensor image analysis along with the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS). Methods: Diffusion tensor images were acquired to calculate the diffusivities in the direction of the x-axis (right-to-left; Dx), y-axis (anterior-to-posterior; Dy), and z-axis (inferior-to-superior; Dz) of the plane of the lateral ventricle body in 20 patients with type 2 diabetes and 10 people in a control group. We evaluated the diffusivity along with the perivascular spaces, as well as the projection fibers and association fibers, separately. The analysis along the perivascular space (ALPS-index) was defined as the mean (Dxpro, Dypro)/mean (Dypro, Dzasc), where the Dxpro and Dxasc were the Dx values in the projection and association fiber areas, respectively. Results: There were significant differences in diffusivity along the projection fibers and the association fibers among the groups. The significant differences among the groups along the perivascular spaces, shown as the ALPS-index and medical history of T2DM, indicating lower water diffusivity along the perivascular space concerning type 2 diabetes severity, was also observed. Conclusion: Lower diffusivity along the perivascular space on DTI-APLS can reflect impairment of the glymphatic system in T2DM. This study showed that the activity of the glymphatic system could be evaluated by diffusion tensor image analysis.
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Multiple studies have proven the existence of a glymphatic system in humans.
“Multiple studies have proven the existence of a glymphatic system in humans10,16,105–107.”
From Norepinephrine-mediated slow vasomotion drives glymphatic clearance during sleep (2025) · cites this paper as [107]
The Introduction describes the glymphatic system as a discovered brain system, and the Discussion refers to earlier human tracer studies. But the paper’s own human study uses diffusion MRI as an indirect measure of presumed glymphatic activity; its Discussion says the findings ‘may indicate’ damage to the system. It does not establish that multiple studies have proven the system’s existence in humans. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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“Iliff et al. (2012) found that CSF entered the brain rapidly along the cortical pial arteries after labeling the CSF by injecting a fluorescent tracer into the cistern Magna CSF.”
BackgroundMethodSleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain
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The glymphatic system: a beginner's guide
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“Microvascular and macrovascular damage can be induced by T2DM, increasing the risk of developing small vessel disease with enlargement of the perivascular space (Morton and Schwartz, 2011; Prasad et al., 2014; Eide and Ringstad, 2015).”
BackgroundVascular inflammation in cerebral small vessel disease
Rouhl, R. P. W., Damoiseaux, J. G. M. C., Lodder, J., Theunissen, R. O. M. F. I. H., Knottnerus, I. L. H., Staals, J., Henskens, L. H. G., Kroon, A. A., de Leeuw, P. W., Tervaert, J. W. C., et al. (2012) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.04.008 · Cited by 219
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BackgroundNeuropathologic evidence of endothelial changes in cerebral small vessel disease
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Sorted by citations
Norepinephrine-mediated slow vasomotion drives glymphatic clearance during sleep
Hauglund, N. L., Andersen, M., Tokarska, K., Radovanovic, T., Kjaerby, C., Sørensen, F. L., Bojarowska, Z., Untiet, V., Ballestero, S. B., Kolmos, M. G., et al. (2025) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2024.11.027 · Cited by 349
Metadata
- Authors
- Yang, G., Deng, N., Liu, Y., Gu, Y., & Yao, X.
- Affiliations
- Southwest Medical University (CN)
- Xiamen University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Yao, Xiang
- Venue
- Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2020-08-13
- Volume
- 14
- Pages
- 300-300
- ISSN
- 1662-5161 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7456821
- OpenAlex
- W3049504890
- Cited by
- 130
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 9
- FWCI
- 7.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- corrigendum (2021-01-26)
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Cerebrospinal fluid and hydrocephalus
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- glymphatic system, type 2 diabetes, diffusion tensor imaging, perivascular spaces, water diffusion coefficient, projection fibers, association fibers, lateral ventricle, diabetes severity
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