The glymphatic system: a beginner's guide

Jessen, Nadia Aalling; Munk, Anne Sofie Finmann; Lundgaard, Iben; Nedergaard, Maiken

doi:10.1007/s11064-015-1581-6

Cited by 2,075Cerebrospinal fluid and hydrocephalusTraumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular DisturbancesBarrier Structure and Function Studies

The glymphatic system: a beginner's guide

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Jessen, Nadia Aalling, Munk, Anne Sofie Finmann, Lundgaard, Iben, Nedergaard, Maiken·2015·Neurochemical Research

DOI 10.1007/s11064-015-1581-6PMC PMC4636982

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Abstract

The glymphatic system is a recently discovered macroscopic waste clearance system that utilizes a unique system of perivascular tunnels, formed by astroglial cells, to promote efficient elimination of soluble proteins and metabolites from the central nervous system. Besides waste elimination, the glymphatic system also facilitates brain-wide distribution of several compounds, including glucose, lipids, amino acids, growth factors, and neuromodulators. Intriguingly, the glymphatic system function mainly during sleep and is largely disengaged during wakefulness. The biological need for sleep across all species may therefore reflect that the brain must enter a state of activity that enables elimination of potentially neurotoxic waste products, including β-amyloid. Since the concept of the glymphatic system is relatively new, we will here review its basic structural elements, organization, regulation, and functions. We will also discuss recent studies indicating that glymphatic function is suppressed in various diseases and that failure of glymphatic function in turn might contribute to pathology in neurodegenerative disorders, traumatic brain injury and stroke.

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Other restorative processes linked to SWS include physical removal of metabolic wastes via the brain's glymphatic system.
“as well as physical removal of metabolic wastes via the brain's glymphatic system (Jessen et al., 2015).”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Jessen et al., 2015
Studies using injection of fluorescent tracers into the cisterna magna of mice have suggested that paravascular circulation occurs via cerebrospinal fluid convective flow through the extracellular spaces from the para-arterial to the paravenous spaces, which is regulated by AQP4 water channels on astrocytes, and therefore the system was renamed as the glymphatic system.
“For example, studies using injection of fluorescent tracers into cisterna magna of mice have suggested that paravascular circulation occurs via CSF convective flow through the ECS from the para-arterial to the paravenous spaces, which is regulated by AQP4 water channels on astrocytes, and therefore the system was renamed as the 'glymphatic' system (276, 293).”
From Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back (2019) · cites this paper as [293]

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[51]Bradbury M Cserr H 1985 Drainage of cerebral interstitial fluid and of cerebrospinal fluid into lymphatics Johnston M Exp Biol Lymphat Circ Elsevier New York, NY 355 94

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The structure, functions and clinical significance of the glymphatic system
Kuşat, T., & Sur, E. (2021) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)

Authors: Jessen, N. A., Munk, A. S. F., Lundgaard, I., & Nedergaard, M.
Affiliations: University of Rochester Medicine (US)
ORCID: Jessen, Nadia Aalling
Lundgaard, Iben
Nedergaard, Maiken
Venue: Neurochemical Research
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2015-05-07
Volume: 40
Issue: 12
Pages: 2583-2599
ISSN: 0364-3190 (ISSN-L)
1573-6903
DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1581-6
PMC: PMC4636982
OpenAlex: W211905087
Cited by: 2,075
References: 141
Citations by year: 2026: 230 · 2025: 300 · 2024: 266 · 2023: 235 · 2022: 217 · 2021: 223 · 2020: 168 · 2019: 137 · 2018: 127 · 2017: 102 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 17
FWCI: 45.97
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Neurochemical Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Israel Science Foundation
Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF13OC0004258)
National Institutes of Health
National Institute on Aging (R01AG048769)
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS078304, R01NS078167, R01NS075177, NS075177, NS078304))
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R21HD080573)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Cerebrospinal fluid and hydrocephalus
Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
Keywords: glymphatic system, perivascular spaces, astrocytes, brain waste clearance, amyloid-beta, neurodegenerative diseases, traumatic brain injury, stroke, glymphatic dysfunction
MeSH terms: Aging, Animals, Astrocytes, Brain Injuries, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Humans, Lymphatic System

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