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Cited by 82Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsTryptophan and brain disordersNF-κB Signaling Pathways

Regulation by glycogen synthase kinase-3 of inflammation and T cells in CNS diseases

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Beurel, Eléonore·2011·Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience
DOI 10.3389/fnmol.2011.00018PMC PMC3171068
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Abstract

Elevated markers of neuroinflammation have been found to be associated with many psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases, such as mood disorders, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis (MS). Since neuroinflammation is thought to contribute to the pathophysiology of these diseases and to impair responses to therapeutic interventions and recovery, it is important to identify mechanisms that regulate neuroinflammation and potential targets for controlling neuroinflammation. Recent findings have demonstrated that glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) is an important regulator of both the innate and adaptive immune systems' contributions to inflammation. Studies of the innate immune system have shown that inhibitors of GSK3 profoundly alter the repertoire of cytokines that are produced both by peripheral and central cells, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, and increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, inhibitors of GSK3 promote tolerance to inflammatory stimuli, reducing inflammatory cytokine production upon repeated exposure. Studies of the adaptive immune system have shown that GSK3 regulates the production of cytokines by T cells and the differentiation of T cells to subtypes, particularly Th17 cells. Regulation of transcription factors by GSK3 appears to play a prominent role in its regulation of immune responses, including of NF-κB, cyclic AMP response element binding protein, and signal transducer and activator of transcription-3. Invivo studies have shown that GSK3 inhibitors ameliorate clinical symptoms of both peripheral and central inflammatory diseases, particularly experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, the animal model of MS. Therefore, the development and application of GSK3 inhibitors may provide a new therapeutic strategy to reduce neuroinflammation associated with many central nervous system diseases.

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  • Lithium reduces the production of Th17 cells in mice in vivo.

    “consistent with a previous report that lithium reduces the production of Th17 cells in mice in vivo (42)”

    From Inflammatory T helper 17 cells promote depression-like behavior in mice (2013) · cites this paper as [42]

    The Multiple sclerosis section reports that lithium administration prevents or terminates EAE and that GSK3 inhibitors prevent Th17-cell production. It does not specifically say that lithium reduced Th17-cell production in mice in vivo; those two findings are reported separately. (LLM, conf=0.82)

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Authors
Beurel, E.
Affiliations
University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
Corresponding author
Beurel, Eléonore
ORCID
Beurel, Eléonore
Venue
Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2011
Volume
4
Pages
18-18
ISSN
1662-5099 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fnmol.2011.00018
PMC
PMC3171068
OpenAlex
W2107932249
Cited by
82
References
166
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 5
FWCI
3.01
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
National Institute of Mental Health (K99MH090236, R00MH090236, MH090236, R56MH038752, MH038752, MH095380, R01MH038752, R01MH095380)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › NF-κB Signaling Pathways
Keywords
glycogen synthase kinase-3, GSK-3 inhibitors, neuroinflammation, T cells, Th17 cells, cytokine production, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, mood disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, NF-κB, CREB, STAT3, transcription factor regulation, innate and adaptive immunity

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