Microglial phenotype: is the commitment reversible?
Abstract
Microglia, the standby cells for immune defense in the CNS, have a reputation for exacerbating the neural damage that occurs in neurodegenerative diseases. However, research over the past few years has established that microglia do not constitute a single, uniform cell population, but rather comprise a family of cells with diverse phenotypes--some that are beneficial and others that the CNS can barely tolerate and that are therefore destructive. This finding raised several questions. What instructs microglia to acquire a particular phenotype, and how do these phenotypes differ? How committed are microglia to a specific phenotype? Can destructive microglia become protective, and can protective microglia retain their beneficial phenotype even when they encounter a destructive environment? Here, we address these questions, and the background of research that elicited them.
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Exercise (cycling) can increase plasma levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in individuals with PD and improve motor performance.
“Reports have shown that exercise (cycling) can increase plasma levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in individuals with PD along with improved motor performance.111, 112”
From Exercise-enhanced neuroplasticity targeting motor and cognitive circuitry in Parkinson's disease (2013) · cites this paper as [112]
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- Authors
- Schwartz, M., Butovsky, O., Brück, W., & Hanisch, U.-K.
- Affiliations
- Weizmann Institute of Science (IL)
- University of Göttingen (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Schwartz, Michal
- Venue
- Trends in Neurosciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-02
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 68-74
- ISSN
- 0166-2236 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2082351110
- Cited by
- 434
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 41
- FWCI
- 4.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Trends in Neurosciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- GRO (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- microglia, microglial phenotype, neuroinflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, microglial heterogeneity, microglial polarization, neuroprotection, phenotypic plasticity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Inflammation, Phenotype, Microglia
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