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Effect of altitude and harvest year on nutraceutical characteristics of Rubus ellipticus fruits
Open accessAbstract
Rubus ellipticus Smith is an evergreen shrub in the Rosaceae family, commonly known as yellow Himalayan raspberry. The objective of this study is to determine the morphological analysis, minerals, proximate, ascorbic acid, anthocyanins, and carotenoids content in R. ellipticus fruits. The fruit samples were collected from four different sites with different altitudes [500 m (District Bilaspur), 1,000 m (District Hamirpur), 1,500 m (District Solan) and 2,000 m (District Shimla)] of Himachal Pradesh for the two consecutive years (2018 and 2019). The fruit morphological investigation revealed that the maximum length (7.71 ± 0.08 mm), width (8.71 ± 0.03 mm), and weight (0.80 ± 0.01 g) of fruits is achieved at higher altitudes (2,000 m) in the year 2018 as compared to 2019. The mineral content (0.05–36.6 mg/g DW), ascorbic acid content (14.59–23.64 mg/g DW), proteins (95.20–131 mg/g DW), and crude fibers (5.6–11.5%) were also higher in fruits grown at 2,000 m altitude, whereas carbohydrates (210–398 mg/g DW), crude fat (2.4–4.1%), and anthocyanins (0.42–1.35 mg/100 g FW) contents were higher in fruits collected from 500 m altitude. According to the results, R. ellipticus fruits were rich in crude fiber, moisture, carbohydrates, protein, ash, and crude fat, as well as in micronutrients, and displayed significant variation with altitude in nutrient content. This could be due to the different environmental, geographical, and weather conditions. The high nutrient content of R. ellipticus suggests its future potential applications for the food and pharmaceutical industry.
Overview
CoChat Summary
TL;DR
*Rubus ellipticus* fruits collected from four altitudes in Himachal Pradesh over 2018–2019 showed altitude-dependent variation in morphology and nutraceutical composition. Higher-altitude (2,000 m) fruits generally had greater size, minerals, ascorbic acid, protein, and crude fiber, while lower-altitude (500 m) fruits had more carbohydrates, crude fat, and anthocyanins.
Key findings
- Morphology: maximum fruit length (7.71 ± 0.08 mm), width (8.71 ± 0.03 mm), and weight (0.80 ± 0.01 g) occurred at 2,000 m in 2018, with lower values in 2019 (length 6.81 ± 0.05 mm; width 7.74 ± 0.08 mm).
- Minerals: at 2,000 m, Mg, Zn, Fe, and Cu were highest for both years; K and Ca peaked at 1,500 m (K 2018: 36.64 ± 0.41 mg/g DW; Ca 2018: 9.98 ± 0.19 mg/g DW, 2019: 10.10 ± 0.30 mg/g DW). In all sites, K was highest, followed by Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Cu.
- The abstract reports mineral content 0.05–36.6 mg/g DW, ascorbic acid 14.59–23.64 mg/g DW, proteins 95.20–131 mg/g DW, and crude fibers 5.6–11.5%, with minerals, ascorbic acid, proteins, and crude fibers higher at 2,000 m; carbohydrates (210–398 mg/g DW), crude fat (2.4–4.1%), and anthocyanins (0.42–1.35 mg/100 g FW) were higher at 500 m.
- Proximate/bioactive results: 2,000 m fruits had maximum moisture (2018: 79.16 ± 0.51%; 2019: 75.70 ± 0.70%), ascorbic acid (2018: 23.64 ± 0.28; 2019: 22.78 ± 0.23 mg/g DW), carotenoids (2018: 1.78 ± 0.11; 2019: 1.66 ± 0.14 mg/g FW), and lycopene (2018: 0.013 ± 0.001; 2019: 0.012 ± 0.003 mg/g FW); 500 m fruits had maximum ash (2018: 2.60 ± 0.10%; 2019: 2.71 ± 0.10%), carbohydrates (2018: 350.04 ± 0.70; 2019: 398.80 ± 0.40 mg/g DW), and anthocyanins (2018: 1.17 ± 0.20; 2019: 1.35 ± 0.14 mg/100 g FW).
Methods
- Design/sample: fruits were collected from four altitudes—500 m (Bilaspur), 1,000 m (Hamirpur), 1,500 m (Solan), and 2,000 m (Shimla) in Himachal Pradesh—in April–May of 2018 and 2019. The same plants were sampled both years; three plants per altitude, 100 g per plant (300 g fresh fruits per altitude), yielding 12 samples per year.
- Measurements: morphological parameters by Vernier caliper and weighing balance; minerals by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Zn, Cu, Fe) and flame photometer (Ca, Mg, K); proximate composition (moisture, ash, crude fat, crude fiber, protein, carbohydrate), ascorbic acid, carotenoids, lycopene, and anthocyanins by standard spectrophotometric/pH-differential methods; analyses performed in triplicate from each altitude.
- Statistics: data expressed as mean ± SEM; SPSS used for paired sample t-tests; p < 0.05 considered statistically significant.
Limitations
- Not stated in the paper; the paper has no dedicated limitations section.
- Evident: sampling was limited to four sites in Himachal Pradesh, two harvest years, and three plants per altitude; altitude effects are confounded with location, plant genotype, and year-to-year weather, and the paper itself attributes variation to “different environmental, geographical, and weather conditions.”
- Evident: abstract and results text report some differing values (e.g., abstract protein 95.20–131 mg/g DW and crude fiber 5.6–11.5%, while results text reports protein at 2,000 m as 153.67 ± 0.91 mg/g DW in 2018 and crude fiber as 9.40–11.56%), which complicates interpretation.
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In the paper
“whereas 2019 data showed almost significant (p < 0.05) variation (Table 1).”
§ Effect of altitude and harvest year on nutraceutical characteristics of Rubus ellipticus fruits > Results and discussion > Morphological analysis
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the maximum Mg (2018: 0.43 ± 0.00 mg/g DW; 2019: 0.19 ± 0.00 mg/g DW)”
- Also stated in: § Mineral content · plain
“contents were observed from the fruits collected from higher altitude (2,000 m) and the minimum from lower altitude (500 m)”
§ Effect of altitude and harvest year on nutraceutical characteristics of Rubus ellipticus fruits > Results and discussion > Mineral content
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Mineral content · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For both years, the maximum ascorbic acid (2018: 23.64 ± 0.28 mg/g DW; 2019: 22.78 ± 0.23 mg/g DW), carotenoids (2018: 1.78 ± 0.11 mg/g FW; 2019: 1.66 ± 0.14 mg/g FW), and lycopene (2018: 0.013 ± 0.001 mg/g FW; 2019: 0.012 ± 0.003 mg/g FW) contents were found in R. ellipticus fruits collected from 2,000 m and lower content in fruits at 500 m (Table 5).”
§ Effect of altitude and harvest year on nutraceutical characteristics of Rubus ellipticus fruits > Results and discussion > Proximate composition
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mineral content (0.05–36.6 mg/g DW), ascorbic acid content (14.59–23.64 mg/g DW), proteins (95.20–131 mg/g DW), and crude fibers (5.6–11.5%) were also higher in fruits grown at 2,000 m altitude”
§ Effect of altitude and harvest year on nutraceutical characteristics of Rubus ellipticus fruits > Abstract
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mineral content (0.05–36.6 mg/g DW), ascorbic acid content (14.59–23.64 mg/g DW), proteins (95.20–131 mg/g DW), and crude fibers (5.6–11.5%) were also higher in fruits grown at 2,000 m altitude”
§ Effect of altitude and harvest year on nutraceutical characteristics of Rubus ellipticus fruits > Abstract
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
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Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Effect of altitude and harvest year on nutraceutical characteristics of Rubus ellipticus fruits > Abstract
“crude fat (2.4–4.1%), and anthocyanins (0.42–1.35 mg/100 g FW) contents were higher in fruits collected from 500 m altitude.”
§ Effect of altitude and harvest year on nutraceutical characteristics of Rubus ellipticus fruits > Results and discussion > Proximate composition
“Carbohydrates (2018: 350.04 ± 0.70 mg/g DW; 2019: 398.80 ± 0.40 mg/g DW) and fat (2018: 4.46 ± 0.50%; 2019: 4.70 ± 0.20%) contents were maximum in fruits collected at 500 m and 1,000 m elevations, respectively (Figure 3).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Effect of altitude and harvest year on nutraceutical characteristics of Rubus ellipticus fruits > Results and discussion > Mineral content
“Ca (2018: 9.98 ± 0.19 mg/g DW; 2019: 10.10 ± 0.30 mg/g DW) contents were observed higher in the sample collected from 1,500 m altitude and lower from 500 m altitude.”
§ Effect of altitude and harvest year on nutraceutical characteristics of Rubus ellipticus fruits > Results and discussion > Mineral content
“| 500 m | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.11 ± 0.00 | 9.50 ± 0.05 | 23.70 ± 0.50 | 0.42 ± 0.00 | | 1,000 m | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.14 ± 0.00 | 9.66 ± 0.12 | 31.50 ± 0.39 | 0.42 ± 0.00 | | 1,500 m | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 9.98 ± 0.19 | 36.64 ± 0.41 | 0.42 ± 0.00 | | 2,000 m | 0.13 ± 0.02 | 0.14 ± 0.04 | 0.17 ± 0.00 | 8.70 ± 0.20 | 27.73 ± 0.17 | 0.43 ± 0.00 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Effect of altitude and harvest year on nutraceutical characteristics of Rubus ellipticus fruits > Conclusion
“For both years, the fruits harvested at a higher altitude (2,000 m) had significantly greater amounts of minerals, ascorbic acid, proteins, and crude fibers”
§ Effect of altitude and harvest year on nutraceutical characteristics of Rubus ellipticus fruits > Results and discussion > Mineral content
“| 1,500 m | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 9.98 ± 0.19 | 36.64 ± 0.41 | 0.42 ± 0.00 | | 2,000 m | 0.13 ± 0.02 | 0.14 ± 0.04 | 0.17 ± 0.00 | 8.70 ± 0.20 | 27.73 ± 0.17 | 0.43 ± 0.00 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Effect of altitude and harvest year on nutraceutical characteristics of Rubus ellipticus fruits > Abstract
“crude fat (2.4–4.1%)”
§ Effect of altitude and harvest year on nutraceutical characteristics of Rubus ellipticus fruits > Results and discussion > Proximate composition
“fat (2018: 4.46 ± 0.50%; 2019: 4.70 ± 0.20%)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Effect of altitude and harvest year on nutraceutical characteristics of Rubus ellipticus fruits > Abstract
“proteins (95.20–131 mg/g DW)”
§ Effect of altitude and harvest year on nutraceutical characteristics of Rubus ellipticus fruits > Results and discussion > Proximate composition
“crude proteins (2018: 153.67 ± 0.91 mg/g DW; 2019: 131.87 ± 0.90 mg/g DW)”
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Citations
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Cited by
Guevara-Terán, M., Tejera, E., Wilson Vásquez, C., Santos‐Buelga, C., Gonzaléz‐Paramás, A. M., & Álvarez-Suárez, J. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1501889 · Cited by 19
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Kumari, N., Radha, & Puri, S. (2025) · Biochemical Systematics and Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.bse.2025.105195 · Cited by 4
Lofa, A. M., Mourato, M. P., Prista, C., de Sousa, I. M. N., & Ferreira, R. B. (2024) · Frontiers in Food Science and Technology · doi:10.3389/frfst.2024.1443185 · Cited by 4
Tang, J., Li, A., Tong, L., Ji, X., Su, Y., Sun, L., Nie, R., Wu, C., Li, X., & Zhang, J. (2025) · Horticulturae · doi:10.3390/horticulturae12010016 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Dhatwalia, J., Kumari, A., Guleria, I., Kumar Shukla, R., Saleh, N., El-Nashar, H. A. S., & El-Shazly, M.
- Affiliations
- Sri Sai University (IN)
- Shoolini University (IN)
- United Arab Emirates University (AE)
- Corresponding author
- Kumari, Amita
- Saleh, Na’il
- Venue
- Frontiers in Nutrition
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2024-09-04
- Volume
- 11
- Pages
- 1419862-1419862
- ISSN
- 2296-861X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11408359
- OpenAlex
- W4402250424
- Semantic Scholar
- 9a47ff9f95df063378b6a1857ae85bf6527c7424
- Cited by
- 16
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2
- FWCI
- 2.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Nutrient Composition and Product Development
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Berry genetics and cultivation research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Keywords
- Rubus ellipticus, altitude effects, harvest year variation, fruit nutritional composition, vitamin C, anthocyanins, carotenoids, mineral content, proximate composition, fruit morphology, nutraceutical potential, Himachal Pradesh
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- Dhatwalia, J., Kumari, A., Guleria, I., Kumar Shukla, R., Saleh, N., El-Nashar, H. A. S., & El-Shazly, M. (2024). Effect of altitude and harvest year on nutraceutical characteristics of Rubus ellipticus fruits. Frontiers in Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2024.1419862
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