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The Role of Exosomes in Pancreatic Cancer From Bench to Clinical Application: An Updated Review

Chen, Kai, Wang, Qi, Kornmann, Marko, Tian, Xiaodong, Yang, Yinmo·2021·Frontiers in Oncology
DOI 10.3389/fonc.2021.644358PMC PMC7952979
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Abstract

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the most dismal gastrointestinal malignancies with an overall 5-year survival rate of 8%–9%. The intra-tumor heterogeneity and special tumor microenvironment in PDAC make it challenging to develop effective treatment strategies. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that originate from the endosomes and have a diameter of 40–160 nm. A growing body of evidence has shown that exosomes play vital roles in tumor initiation and development. Recently, extensive application of exosomes as biomarkers and drug carriers has rendered them attractive in the field of PDAC. This review summarizes the latest progress in the methodologies for isolation, modification, and tracking of exosomes, exosome-mediated cell-to-cell communication, clinical applications of exosome as minimally invasive liquid biopsy and drugs carriers, as well as their involvement in the angiogenic regulation in PDAC. In spite of these advancements, some obstacles are still required to be overcome to use the exosome-based technologies for early diagnosis or improvement of prognosis of patients with PDAC.

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Figure 1 Exosomes involve intercellular communication. Exosomes derived from the parental cells affect the biological function of the recipient cells through ligand-receptor interactions and uptake of exosomal cargo. Exosome transport ways can be autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine.
Figure 1 Exosomes involve intercellular communication. Exosomes derived from the parental cells affect the biological function of the recipient cells through ligand-receptor interactions and uptake of exosomal cargo. Exosome transport ways can be autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Different isolation methods of exosomes. Each method has their own advantages and disadvantages based on recovery, purity, operation, and cost.
Figure 2 Different isolation methods of exosomes. Each method has their own advantages and disadvantages based on recovery, purity, operation, and cost.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 The clinical application of exosomes in pancreatic cancer. Exosomes are isolated from complex body fluids, including portal vein blood, peripheral blood, pancreatic juice, ascites, and urine. Exosomal miRNAs or proteins are identified as biomarkers for early diagnosis and the evaluation of prognosis. It is feasible to collect clinical-grade exosomes on a large scale to culture stem cells. The strategy of using exosomes as drug carriers holds significant therapeutic value when combined with exosome modification techniques.
Figure 3 The clinical application of exosomes in pancreatic cancer. Exosomes are isolated from complex body fluids, including portal vein blood, peripheral blood, pancreatic juice, ascites, and urine. Exosomal miRNAs or proteins are identified as biomarkers for early diagnosis and the evaluation of prognosis. It is feasible to collect clinical-grade exosomes on a large scale to culture stem cells. The strategy of using exosomes as drug carriers holds significant therapeutic value when combined with exosome modification techniques.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Chen, K., Wang, Q., Kornmann, M., Tian, X., & Yang, Y.
Venue
Frontiers in Oncology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2021-02-26
Volume
11
ISSN
2234-943X
DOI
10.3389/fonc.2021.644358
PMC
PMC7952979
Cited by
24
References
2
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Funders
National Natural Science Foundation of China (81672353, 81871954)

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