Veterinarians' perspectives of pain, treatment, and diagnostics for bovine respiratory disease in preweaned dairy calves
Open accessAbstract
Background Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in preweaned dairy calves. Early detection and therefore treatment are essential to minimize animal welfare concerns, particularly given that recent research also demonstrates that BRD is painful. Veterinarians are essential to ensuring calves with BRD receive appropriate treatment, but little to no research exists regarding veterinarians' perspectives about BRD detection and treatment in dairy calves. This is a critical step to determine education and outreach needs that can target BRD treatment to improve calf welfare. Thus, the objectives of the current study were to describe US veterinarians' current detection methods and treatment practices for BRD in preweaned dairy calves, understand veterinarians' rationale for treatment decisions, and identify gaps in knowledge regarding treatment and management of calf BRD. Methods An online survey was sent to two veterinarian-focused list-serves and newsletter. Final responses (n = 47) were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative analyses. Results On-farm necropsy was the diagnostic tool most considered “extremely important” (26, 55.3%). All veterinarians indicated that BRD was at least mildly painful. However, only 53% of veterinarians (n = 25) assess pain in preweaned calves with BRD in order to make treatment decisions. Furthermore, of the veterinarians that assessed pain, 40% (n = 10) reported that their knowledge of pain assessment and treatment was adequate, but most (n = 24) considered a calf's pain-level at least “moderately important” to make BRD treatment decisions. The most important ancillary therapy for antimicrobials were NSAIDs (21, 44.7%). The ancillary therapy most often considered “extremely important” for treating BRD was NSAIDs. Qualitative analysis identified the following as factors that influenced veterinarians' willingness to provide analgesia: the farm's willingness to administer drugs, clinical signs, perceived severity of pain, the need for anti-inflammatories, and the presence of fever and comorbidities. Discussion This study included a small sample size and an extremely low response rate; results should therefore be interpreted with caution. Despite this limitation, important gaps in knowledge were identified, including pain assessment and consideration when making treatment decisions, and diagnostic tools. Addressing these needs in future research and outreach efforts could help ensure appropriate and timely treatment of calf BRD, including pain mitigation.
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In the US, cross-sectional surveys of veterinarians managing BRD in preweaned dairy calves showed widespread use of antibiotics as first-line treatment, most commonly tulathromycin, with florfenicol as a frequent second-line choice.
“In the United States (US), cross-sectional surveys of veterinarians managing BRD in preweaned dairy calves showed widespread use of antibiotics as first-line treatment, most commonly tulathromycin, with florfenicol as a frequent second-line choice (9).”
From Understanding antibiotic decision-making for bovine respiratory disease: a survey of UK farm veterinarians (2026) · cites this paper as [9]
The Results (Quantitative analysis) identify tulathromycin as the most common first-line antimicrobial (40.4%) and florfenicol as the most common second-line choice (31.9%). The Discussion describes this as a single, small US survey, so the cited paper does not support the claim’s plural “surveys.” (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThere is a persistent knowledge-action gap; while UK veterinarians recognise the welfare necessity of pain relief more acutely than the cohorts in the Mijares et al. study, practical application remains influenced by farm-level logistics.
“This suggests a persistent knowledge-action gap; while UK veterinarians recognise the welfare necessity of pain relief more acutely than the cohorts in the Mijares et al. (9) study, practical application remains influenced by farm-level logistics.”
From Understanding antibiotic decision-making for bovine respiratory disease: a survey of UK farm veterinarians (2026) · cites this paper as [9]
The Discussion (Pain relief) reports a gap between recognising pain in calves with bovine respiratory disease and providing analgesia, and says decisions can depend on a farm’s willingness to administer it. The Results (Qualitative analysis) also records farm-specific time and payment constraints. The paper does not study UK veterinarians, so it cannot establish that they recognise the need for pain relief more acutely than its respondents did. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredClinical decisions for preweaned calves are driven by therapeutic efficacy and past clinical experience.
“clinical decisions for preweaned calves are driven by therapeutic efficacy and past clinical experience (9).”
From Understanding antibiotic decision-making for bovine respiratory disease: a survey of UK farm veterinarians (2026) · cites this paper as [9]
The Results (Quantitative analysis; page unavailable) report that personal experience of effectiveness was a common reason for choosing first-line antimicrobial treatment, and efficacy at resolving BRD was the most important reason given for choosing ancillary therapy. These findings concern treatment decisions for preweaned calves with bovine respiratory disease, not clinical decisions for preweaned calves generally. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMijares et al. reported that clinical experience is the primary factor in determining antibiotic choice, and there is a preference for long-acting formulations that minimise animal handling.
“These results align with Mijares et al. (9), who reported that clinical experience is the primary factor in determining antibiotic choice, and with a preference for long-acting formulations that minimise animal handling (4).”
From Understanding antibiotic decision-making for bovine respiratory disease: a survey of UK farm veterinarians (2026) · cites this paper as [9]
The Results (Quantitative analysis; page unavailable) identify personal experience as one of the most common reasons for choosing a first-line antimicrobial for BRD in preweaned dairy calves. It tied with antimicrobial sensitivity of farm-specific pathogens (both 14 respondents, 29.8%), so the source does not establish clinical experience as the sole primary factor. The long-acting-formulation clause is attached to a different citation (4), not Mijares et al. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredVeterinarians must balance immediate clinical efficacy with responsible use, particularly given that retreatment significantly increases the total antibiotic load.
“it highlights the challenge raised by Mijares et al. (9) that veterinarians must balance immediate clinical efficacy with responsible use, particularly given that retreatment significantly increases the total antibiotic load.”
From Understanding antibiotic decision-making for bovine respiratory disease: a survey of UK farm veterinarians (2026) · cites this paper as [9]
The Discussion (Antimicrobial use) calls for effective treatment alongside judicious antimicrobial use and says retreatments contribute to the overall amount used in dairy calves. It does not establish that retreatment increases that amount significantly, so the claim overstates this part of the source. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Mijares et al. reported that antibiotic switching is common in BRD cases, yet this practice contributes significantly to overall antibiotic use.
“Mijares et al. (9) reported that antibiotic switching is common in BRD cases, yet this practice contributes significantly to overall antibiotic use.”
From Understanding antibiotic decision-making for bovine respiratory disease: a survey of UK farm veterinarians (2026) · cites this paper as [9]
The Results (Quantitative analysis) report that 55.3% of surveyed veterinarians typically give two antimicrobial treatments for a BRD case and describe different common first- and second-line drugs. The Discussion (Antimicrobial use) says re-treatments contribute to overall antimicrobial use in dairy calves, but it does not quantify that contribution or establish that antibiotic switching specifically contributes significantly to it. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRecent surveys of cattle veterinarians in the US and UK have successfully utilised sample sizes of 36 to 97 participants to capture focused professional perspectives.
“This approach aligns with similar research in the US (9) and the UK, where recent surveys of cattle veterinarians have successfully utilised sample sizes of 36 to 97 participants to capture focused professional perspectives (40, 41).”
From Understanding antibiotic decision-making for bovine respiratory disease: a survey of UK farm veterinarians (2026) · cites this paper as [9]
The similar US study reported a 51% female majority.
“the similar US study (9) also reported a 51% female majority”
From Understanding antibiotic decision-making for bovine respiratory disease: a survey of UK farm veterinarians (2026) · cites this paper as [9]
Mijares et al. ranked on-farm necropsy as the most 'extremely important' diagnostic tool.
“This observation differs from Mijares et al. (9), who ranked on-farm necropsy as the most “extremely important” diagnostic tool.”
From Understanding antibiotic decision-making for bovine respiratory disease: a survey of UK farm veterinarians (2026) · cites this paper as [9]
UK respondents indicated that analgesia use is often dependent on the perceived severity of the case and the farmer's willingness to administer additional treatments.
“Consistent with the study findings of Mijares et al. (9), UK respondents indicated that analgesia use is often dependent on the perceived severity of the case and the farmer’s willingness to administer additional treatments.”
From Understanding antibiotic decision-making for bovine respiratory disease: a survey of UK farm veterinarians (2026) · cites this paper as [9]
A prior study by Mijares et al. found that only 30% of respondents rated NSAIDs as 'extremely important,' and noted that cost, extra-label use, and farmer resistance were obstacles.
“In contrast, a prior study by Mijares et al. (9) found that only 30% of respondents rated NSAIDs as “extremely important,” and noted that cost, extra-label use, and farmer resistance were obstacles, even though they recognised the pain related to BRD.”
From Understanding antibiotic decision-making for bovine respiratory disease: a survey of UK farm veterinarians (2026) · cites this paper as [9]
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“These results align with Mijares et al. (9), who reported that clinical experience is the primary factor in determining antibiotic choice, and with a preference for long-acting formulations that minimise animal handling (4).”
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- Authors
- Mijares, S., Edwards-Callaway, L., Roman-Muniz, I. N., Coetzee, J. F., Applegate, T. J., & Cramer, M. C.
- Affiliations
- Colorado State University (US)
- Kansas State University (US)
- Venue
- Frontiers in Pain Research
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2023-02-23
- Volume
- 4
- Pages
- 1076100-1076100
- ISSN
- 2673-561X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9997724
- OpenAlex
- W4321598761
- Cited by
- 11
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2
- FWCI
- 3.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Pain Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal health and immunology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Microbial infections and disease research
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Veterinary Pharmacology and Anesthesia
- Keywords
- bovine respiratory disease, preweaned dairy calves, pain assessment, analgesia, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ancillary therapy, treatment decision-making, calf welfare
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