Heart rate dynamics after exercise in cardiac patients with and without type 2 diabetes
Open accessAbstract
PURPOSE: The incidence of cardiovascular events is higher in coronary artery disease patients with type 2 diabetes (CAD + T2D) than in CAD patients without T2D. There is increasing evidence that the recovery phase after exercise is a vulnerable phase for various cardiovascular events. We hypothesized that autonomic regulation differs in CAD patients with and without T2D during post-exercise condition. METHODS: A symptom-limited maximal exercise test on a bicycle ergometer was performed for 68 CAD + T2D patients (age 61 ± 5 years, 78% males, ejection fraction (EF) 67 ± 8, 100% on β-blockade), and 64 CAD patients (age 62 ± 5 years, 80% males, EF 64 ± 8, 100% on β-blockade). Heart rate (HR) recovery after exercise was calculated as the slope of HR during the first 60 s after cessation of exercise (HRR(slope)). R-R intervals were measured before (5 min) and after exercise from 3 to 8 min, both in a supine position. R-R intervals were analyzed using time and frequency methods and a detrended fluctuation method (α(1)). RESULTS: BMI was 30 ± 4 vs. 27 ± 3 kg m(2) (p < 0.001); maximal exercise capacity, 6.5 ± 1.7 vs. 7.7 ± 1.9 METs (p < 0.001); maximal HR, 128 ± 19 vs. 132 ± 18 bpm (p = ns); and HRR(slope), -0.53 ± 0.17 vs. -0.62 ± 0.15 beats/s (p = 0.004), for CAD patients with and without T2D, respectively. There was no differences between the groups in HRR(slope) after adjustment for METs, BMI, and medication (ANCOVA, p = 0.228 for T2D and, e.g., p = 0.030 for METs). CAD + T2D patients had a higher HR at rest than non-diabetic patients (57 ± 10 vs. 54 ± 6 bpm, p = 0.030), but no other differences were observed in HR dynamics at rest or in post-exercise condition. CONCLUSION: HR recovery is delayed in CAD + T2D patients, suggesting impairment of vagal activity and/or augmented sympathetic activity after exercise. Blunted HR recovery after exercise in diabetic patients compared with non-diabetic patients is more closely related to low exercise capacity and obesity than to T2D itself.
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Low heart rate variability predicts cardiovascular mortality with vulnerability to sudden cardiac arrest and cardiac arrhythmias after acute myocardial infarction.
“Low HRV, attributed to depressed parasympathetic modulation, has been shown to predict cardiovascular mortality with vulnerability to sudden cardiac arrest and cardiac arrhythmias after acute myocardial infarction.5”
From Caffeine delays autonomic recovery following acute exercise (2015) · cites this paper as [5]
The References list a study associating decreased heart rate variability with increased mortality after acute myocardial infarction. The Introduction separately discusses sudden cardiac death after vigorous exercise and the prognostic value of delayed heart-rate recovery, but does not link low HRV to sudden cardiac arrest or arrhythmias after infarction, or attribute low HRV to depressed parasympathetic modulation. No page numbers are provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPost-exercise recovery is a critical phase for sudden cardiovascular events, predominantly in the 30 minutes immediately following vigorous exercise, attributable to increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic nerve activity.
“In particular, post-exercise recovery is a critical phase for sudden cardiovascular events, predominantly in the 30 minutes immediately following vigorous exercise, 5 which is attributable to increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic nerve activity.6”
From Caffeine delays autonomic recovery following acute exercise (2015) · cites this paper as [5]
The Introduction reports increased risk of sudden cardiac death in the 30 minutes after vigorous exercise. But the Discussion’s “Post-exercise HR dynamics” section describes prolonged sympathetic activity alongside rapid restoration of vagal activity, not decreased parasympathetic activity as the explanation for recovery-phase events. It also presents the autonomic explanation as a possibility, rather than an established cause. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Caffeine delays autonomic recovery following acute exercise
Bunsawat, K., White, D. W., Kappus, R. M., & Baynard, T. (2015) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487314554867 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
- Authors
- Neves, V.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Neves, Victor
- ORCID
- Neves, Victor
- Venue
- Frontiers in Physiology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2011
- Volume
- 2
- Pages
- 57-57
- ISSN
- 1664-042X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3166711
- OpenAlex
- W2152957075
- Semantic Scholar
- a20516ac84ff25b8e1c58075466f927c17cbcaa3
- Cited by
- 14
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Physiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Tekes
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Paavo Nurmen Säätiö
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart rate and cardiovascular health
- Keywords
- heart rate recovery, type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, heart rate dynamics, detrended fluctuation analysis, RR interval, cardiovascular risk, beta-adrenergic blockade, maximal exercise capacity, heart rate variability, autonomic dysfunction, diabetes comorbidity
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