Heart rate response during exercise test and cardiovascular mortality in middle-aged men
Abstract
AIMS: The objective is to study whether a heart rate (HR) response during exercise test independently predicts cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. METHODS AND RESULTS: The subjects were a representative sample of 1378 men, 42-61 years of age, from eastern Finland with neither prior coronary heart disease (CHD) nor use of beta-blockers at baseline. HR was measured at rest and during a maximal, symptom-limited exercise test at 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% of maximal workload. During an average follow-up of 11.4 years, there were 56 deaths due to CVD. The slope of HR increase during exercise test was steeper in survivors when compared with those who died due to CVD during follow-up (P<0.001), and the difference in the steepness of HR slope between the groups was the strongest at interval 40-100% (P<0.001). In Cox-multivariable models, maximal HR-HR at 40% workload as a continuous variable was inversely associated with CVD (P=0.04), CHD (P=0.004), and all-cause (P=0.002) mortality after adjustment for known risk factors for CVD death. CONCLUSION: By considering an HR response throughout an exercise test, we found that a blunted HR increase at 40-100% of maximal workload was associated with increased CVD mortality.
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Heart rate responses to exercise have been shown to be strongly predictive of CVD, coronary heart disease (CHD) and all-cause mortality.
“For instance, heart rate (HR) responses to exercise have been shown to be strongly predictive of CVD, coronary heart disease (CHD) and all-cause mortality [133].”
From Human-centred artificial intelligence for mobile health sensing: challenges and opportunities (2023) · cites this paper as [133]
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- Authors
- Savonen, K. P., Lakka, T. A., Laukkanen, J. A., Halonen, P. M., Rauramaa, T. H., Salonen, J. T., & Rauramaa, R.
- Affiliations
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
- University of Eastern Finland (FI)
- Kuopio University Hospital (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Savonen, Kai P.
- Venue
- European Heart Journal
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2006-01-06
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 582-588
- ISSN
- 0195-668X (ISSN-L)
- 1522-9645
- OpenAlex
- W2165723653
- Cited by
- 114
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 18.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Heart Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Suomen Kulttuurirahasto
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart rate and cardiovascular health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- heart rate response, exercise testing, cardiovascular mortality, coronary artery disease, middle-aged men, all-cause mortality, training load, cardiovascular risk prediction
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cause of Death, Electrocardiography, Exercise Test, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Regression Analysis, Risk Factors, Exercise
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