Caffeine delays autonomic recovery following acute exercise

Bunsawat, Kanokwan; White, Daniel W; Kappus, Rebecca M; Baynard, Tracy

doi:10.1177/2047487314554867

Cited by 63Coffee research and impactsHeart Rate Variability and Autonomic ControlCardiovascular and exercise physiology

Caffeine delays autonomic recovery following acute exercise

Bunsawat, Kanokwan, White, Daniel W, Kappus, Rebecca M, Baynard, Tracy·2015·European Journal of Preventive Cardiology

DOI 10.1177/2047487314554867

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Impaired autonomic recovery of heart rate (HR) following exercise is associated with an increased risk of sudden death. Caffeine, a potent stimulator of catecholamine release, has been shown to augment blood pressure (BP) and sympathetic nerve activity; however, whether caffeine alters autonomic function after a bout of exercise bout remains unclear. METHODS: In a randomized, crossover study, 18 healthy individuals (26 ± 1 years; 23.9 ± 0.8 kg·m(-2)) ingested caffeine (400 mg) or placebo pills, followed by a maximal treadmill test to exhaustion. Autonomic function and ventricular depolarization/repolarization were determined using heart rate variability (HRV) and corrected QT interval (QTc), respectively, at baseline, 5, 15, and 30 minutes post-exercise. RESULTS: Maximal HR (HRmax) was greater with caffeine (192 ± 2 vs. 190 ± 2 beat·min(-1), p < 0.05). During recovery, HR, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) remained elevated with caffeine (p < 0.05). Natural log transformation of low-to-high frequency ratio (LnLF/LnHF) of HRV was increased compared with baseline at all time points in both trials (p < 0.05), with less of an increase during 5 and 15 minutes post-exercise in the caffeine trial (p < 0.05). QTc increased from baseline at all time points in both trials, with greater increases in the caffeine trial (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Caffeine ingestion disrupts post-exercise autonomic recovery because of increased sympathetic nerve activity. The prolonged sympathetic recovery time could subsequently hinder baroreflex function during recovery and disrupt the stability of autonomic function, potentiating a pro-arrhythmogenic state in young adults.

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Cites

41 of 41 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

12 of 38 cited sources checked · 2 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

Findingown data
The increase in LnLF/LnHF was less in the caffeine trial than in the placebo trial at 5 and 15 minutes post-exercise.
“Natural log transformation of low-to-high frequency ratio (LnLF/LnHF) of HRV was increased compared with baseline at all time points in both trials (p < 0.05), with less of an increase during 5 and 15 minutes post-exercise in the caffeine trial (p < 0.05).”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
  “LnLF/LnHF increased from baseline at all time points in both trials, with greater increases during 5 and 15 minutes post-exercise in the placebo trial (p < 0.05).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Findingown data
No arrhythmia was detected in the ECG recordings in this study.
“In the present study, we did not detect any arrhythmia in the ECG recordings, possibly because the dosage was not high enough to produce arrhythmias, as seen in several case studies of caffeine overdose.19”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Findingown data
QTc increases were greater in the caffeine trial than in the placebo trial.
“QTc increased from baseline at all time points in both trials, with greater increases in the caffeine trial (p < 0.05).”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
  “QTc increased from baseline at all time points in both trials, with greater increases in the caffeine trial (p < 0.05).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Findingown data
Mean arterial pressure increased from baseline in the caffeine trial at all recovery time points.
“Compared with baseline, MAP and DBP increased in the caffeine trial at all recovery time points (p < 0.05, Figure 1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Findingown data
QTc increased from baseline at all post-exercise time points in both trials.
“QTc increased from baseline at all time points in both trials, with greater increases in the caffeine trial (p < 0.05).”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
  “QTc increased from baseline at all time points in both trials, with greater increases in the caffeine trial (p < 0.05).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

Findingown data
Diastolic blood pressure increased from baseline in the caffeine trial at all recovery time points.
“Compared with baseline, MAP and DBP increased in the caffeine trial at all recovery time points (p < 0.05, Figure 1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Findingown data
Caffeine increased VO2max compared with placebo.
“HR max , HR-2, VO 2max , and time to exhaustion were higher with the caffeine trial (p < 0.05, Table 1)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Findingown data
Heart rate declined similarly in both trials during post-exercise recovery.
“During recovery, HR declined similarly in both trials but absolute HR was higher in the caffeine trial at all time points (p < 0.05).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Findingown data
Caffeine increased time to exhaustion compared with placebo.
“HR max , HR-2, VO 2max , and time to exhaustion were higher with the caffeine trial (p < 0.05, Table 1)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Findingown data
LnTP, LnLF, and LnHF declined similarly from baseline in both trials.
“Figure 2 shows that LnTP, LnLF, and LnHF declined similarly from baseline in both trials (p < 0.05).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Findingown data
The LnLF/LnHF ratio increased from baseline at all post-exercise time points in both the placebo and caffeine trials.
“Natural log transformation of low-to-high frequency ratio (LnLF/LnHF) of HRV was increased compared with baseline at all time points in both trials (p < 0.05), with less of an increase during 5 and 15 minutes post-exercise in the caffeine trial (p < 0.05).”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
  “LnLF/LnHF increased from baseline at all time points in both trials, with greater increases during 5 and 15 minutes post-exercise in the placebo trial (p < 0.05).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Findingown data
Caffeine (400 mg) increased maximal heart rate compared with placebo in healthy young adults.
“Maximal HR (HR max ) was greater with caffeine (192 Æ 2 vs. 190 Æ 2 beatÁmin À1 , p < 0.05).”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
  “HR max , HR-2, VO 2max , and time to exhaustion were higher with the caffeine trial (p < 0.05, Table 1)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Findingown data
During post-exercise recovery, absolute heart rate was higher in the caffeine trial than in the placebo trial at 5, 15, and 30 minutes.
“During recovery, HR, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) remained elevated with caffeine (p < 0.05).”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
  “During recovery, HR declined similarly in both trials but absolute HR was higher in the caffeine trial at all time points (p < 0.05).”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
  “HR was 97 Æ 2, 92 Æ 2, and 85 Æ 2 beatÁmin À1 in the control trial, whereas HR was 102 Æ 3, 99 Æ 2, and 92 Æ 3 beatÁmin À1 in the caffeine trial at 5, 15, and 30 minutes post-exercise, respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Interpretationcitation
Caffeine-induced increase in sympathetic nerve activity would predispose an individual to a pro-arrhythmogenic condition.
“Furthermore, caffeine-induced increase in sympathetic nerve activity would predispose an individual to a pro-arrhythmogenic condition.19”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites [19] 19. Banerjee P, Ali Z, Levine B and Fowler DR. Fatal caf- feine intoxication: a series of eight cases from 1999 to 2009. J Forensic Sci 2014; 59: 865-868. source
Interpretationreasoning
Increased sympathetic nerve activity would be consistent with the higher HR, MAP, and DBP during post-exercise recovery with caffeine.
“Increased sympathetic nerve activity would be consistent with the higher HR, MAP, and DBP during post-exercise recovery with caffeine.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Premisecitation
Caffeine increases catecholamine release.
“increased catecholamine release, 13”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites [13] 13. Robertson D, Frolich JC, Carr RK, et al. Effects of caf- feine on plasma renin activity, catecholamines and blood pressure. N Engl J Med 1978; 298: 181-186. source
Interpretationreasoning
The results cannot be applied to patients with cardiovascular disease.
“This study was conducted in young, healthy individuals; therefore, the results cannot be applied to patients with cardiovascular disease.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Interpretationreasoning
The increase in sympathetic nerve activity would present as a reduction in LnLF, such as seen in the results.
“Therefore, the increase in sympathetic nerve activity would actually present as a reduction in LnLF, such as seen in our results.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Interpretationreasoning
Caffeine may predispose an individual to a pro-arrhythmogenic state during recovery.
“suggesting that caffeine may predispose an individual to a pro-arrhythmogenic state during recovery, given that a higher dosage is associated with sudden cardiac death.38”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites [38] 38. Lown B. Sudden cardiac death: the major challenge con- fronting contemporary cardiology. Am J Cardiol 1979; 43: 313-328. source
Study design and conductown data
No baseline differences were observed for any blood pressure variable between the placebo and caffeine trials.
“No baseline differences were observed for any BP variable (Figure 1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Interpretationcitation
The combination of caffeine-induced sympathetic activation along with higher work capacity may have led to higher HR at min 2 and beyond.
“As our participants performed maximal exercise, the combination of caffeine-induced sympathetic activation along with the higher work capacity may have led to higher HR at min 2 and beyond.25”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites [25] 25. Perini R, Orizio C, Comande A, et al. Plasma norepin- ephrine and heart rate dynamics during recovery from submaximal exercise in man. Eur J Appl Physiol 1989; 58: 879-883. source
Interpretationreasoning
Caffeine ingestion disrupts post-exercise autonomic recovery because of increased sympathetic nerve activity.
“Caffeine ingestion disrupts post-exercise autonomic recovery because of increased sympathetic nerve activity.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · hedged
  “the increased catecholamine load within the recovering cardiovascular system may be detrimental as it may disrupt autonomic recovery because of increased sympathetic nerve activity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- The authors state this as an assumption: The observed autonomic and hemodynamic effects of caffeine in this study are due to increased sympathetic nerve activity.
Premisecitation
Caffeine is a potent stimulator of sympathetic nerve activity.
“caffeine is a potent stimulator of sympathetic nerve activity, 12”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites [12] 12. Corti R, Binggeli C, Sudano I, et al. Coffee acutely increases sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure independently of caffeine content: role of habitual versus nonhabitual drinking. Circulation 2002; 106: 2935-2940. source
Premisecitation
Caffeine depresses heart rate variability.
“depressed HRV. 14”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites [14] 14. Sondermeijer HP, van Marle AG, Kamen P and Krum H. Acute effects of caffeine on heart rate variability. Am J Cardiol 2002; 90: 906-907. source
Premisecitation
Caffeine is a potent stimulator of the release of catecholamines, particularly norepinephrine.
“as caffeine is a potent stimulator of the release of catecholamines, particularly norepinephrine.30”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites [30] 30. Fisher SM, McMurray RG, Berry M, et al. Influence of caffeine on exercise performance in habitual caffeine users. Int J Sports Med 1986; 7: 276-280. source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 32
May combine two claims. 18

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation
Caffeine elevates blood pressure.
“elevated blood pressure (BP), 14,15”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
- cites [14] 14. Sondermeijer HP, van Marle AG, Kamen P and Krum H. Acute effects of caffeine on heart rate variability. Am J Cardiol 2002; 90: 906-907. source
- cites [15] 15. Waring WS, Goudsmit J, Marwick J, et al. Acute caffeine intake influences central more than peripheral blood pressure in young adults. Am J Hypertens 2003; 16: 919-924. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation
Caffeine has previously been shown to prolong time to exhaustion and increase oxygen consumption during endurance exercise.
“Caffeine has previously been shown to prolong time to exhaustion and increase oxygen consumption during endurance exercise.29,30”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
- cites [29] 29. Toner MM, Kirkendall DT, Delio DJ, et al. Metabolic and cardiovascular responses to exercise with caffeine. Ergonomics 1982; 25: 1175-1183. source
  In the Results and Conclusions (page not provided), the paper reports increased maximal oxygen consumption after caffeine. It also explicitly says exercise time to exhaustion was unchanged, so it does not support the claimed prolongation. (LLM, conf=0.91)
  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- cites [30] 30. Fisher SM, McMurray RG, Berry M, et al. Influence of caffeine on exercise performance in habitual caffeine users. Int J Sports Med 1986; 7: 276-280. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation
Prolongation of the QT interval can disrupt the electrophysiological environment, leading to ventricular instability and the risk of cardiac arrhythmias/cardiac death.
“In addition, prolongation of the QT interval can disrupt the electrophysiolocal environment, leading to ventricular instability and the risk of cardiac arrhythmias/cardiac death.10”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
- cites [10] 10. Straus SM, Kors JA, De Bruin ML, et al. Prolonged QTc interval and risk of sudden cardiac death in a population of older adults. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: 362-367. source
  The paper’s background states that QT prolongation has been associated with ventricular arrhythmias that may trigger ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac death. Its Discussion also reports an increased risk of sudden cardiac death with prolonged QTc. It does not establish that QT prolongation disrupts the electrophysiological environment or causes ventricular instability; page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation
LnLF reflects the actions of the sympathetic nervous system through baroreflex-mediated changes in heart rate.
“LnLF is said to reflect the actions of the sympathetic nerve system through baroreflex-mediated changes in HR, 36,37”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
- cites [36] 36. Goldstein DS, Bentho O, Park MY and Sharabi Y. Low- frequency power of heart rate variability is not a measure of cardiac sympathetic tone but may be a measure of modulation of cardiac autonomic outflows by barore- flexes. Exp Physiol 2011; 96: 1255-1261. source
  In “LF Power is Related to Baroreflex Function” (page unavailable), the paper reports that log LF power correlates with baroreflex-cardiovagal gain, supporting the baroreflex part of the claim. It also says log LF power does not correlate with cardiac sympathetic outflow and that it cannot separate baroreflex modulation of sympathetic from parasympathetic outflow. The source therefore does not support presenting LnLF specifically as a reflection of sympathetic nervous system activity. (LLM, conf=0.88)
  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- cites [37] 37. Moak JP, Goldstein DS, Eldadah BA, et al. Supine low- frequency power of heart rate variability reflects barore- flex function, not cardiac sympathetic innervation. Heart Rhythm 2009; 4: 1523-1529. source
  The Discussion says LF power predominantly reflects baroreflex-mediated changes in both cardiovagal and sympathetic noradrenergic outflows. The claim captures the baroreflex-mediated sympathetic component, but presents it as though LF reflects sympathetic activity alone; the paper emphasizes that LF power is not an index of cardiac sympathetic innervation. The study's measurements were made with subjects supine. (LLM, conf=0.86)
  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Premisecitation
Post-exercise recovery is a critical phase for sudden cardiovascular events, predominantly in the 30 minutes immediately following vigorous exercise, attributable to increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic nerve activity.
“In particular, post-exercise recovery is a critical phase for sudden cardiovascular events, predominantly in the 30 minutes immediately following vigorous exercise, 5 which is attributable to increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic nerve activity.6”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
- cites [5] 5. Neves VR, Kiviniemi AM, Hautala AJ, et al. Heart Rate Dynamics after Exercise in Cardiac Patients with and with- out Type 2 Diabetes. Front Physiol 2011; 2: 57. source
  The Introduction reports increased risk of sudden cardiac death in the 30 minutes after vigorous exercise. But the Discussion’s “Post-exercise HR dynamics” section describes prolonged sympathetic activity alongside rapid restoration of vagal activity, not decreased parasympathetic activity as the explanation for recovery-phase events. It also presents the autonomic explanation as a possibility, rather than an established cause. (LLM, conf=0.88)
  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- cites [6] 6. Vanoli E, De Ferrari GM, Stramba-Badiale M, et al. Vagal stimulation and prevention of sudden death in con- scious dogs with a healed myocardial infarction. Circ Res 1991; 68: 1471-1481. source
  The Electrophysiological Effects section describes vagal activity as protective against arrhythmias in the presence of elevated sympathetic activity, supporting the proposed autonomic mechanism in general. But this study concerns dogs undergoing exercise and induced myocardial ischemia; it does not establish that a sympathetic–parasympathetic imbalance causes events during post-exercise recovery. The 30-minute timing is attached to a different citation in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.83)
  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation
Low heart rate variability predicts cardiovascular mortality with vulnerability to sudden cardiac arrest and cardiac arrhythmias after acute myocardial infarction.
“Low HRV, attributed to depressed parasympathetic modulation, has been shown to predict cardiovascular mortality with vulnerability to sudden cardiac arrest and cardiac arrhythmias after acute myocardial infarction.5”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
- cites [5] 5. Neves VR, Kiviniemi AM, Hautala AJ, et al. Heart Rate Dynamics after Exercise in Cardiac Patients with and with- out Type 2 Diabetes. Front Physiol 2011; 2: 57. source
  The References list a study associating decreased heart rate variability with increased mortality after acute myocardial infarction. The Introduction separately discusses sudden cardiac death after vigorous exercise and the prognostic value of delayed heart-rate recovery, but does not link low HRV to sudden cardiac arrest or arrhythmias after infarction, or attribute low HRV to depressed parasympathetic modulation. No page numbers are provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)
  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation
The influence of caffeine on post-exercise autonomic recovery remains unclear.
“The effects of caffeine on autonomic function have been studied at rest and during exercise; 14,35 however, the influence of caffeine on post-exercise autonomic recovery remains unclear.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
- cites [14] 14. Sondermeijer HP, van Marle AG, Kamen P and Krum H. Acute effects of caffeine on heart rate variability. Am J Cardiol 2002; 90: 906-907. source
- cites [35] 35. Richardson T, Rozkovec A, Thomas P, et al. Influence of caffeine on heart rate variability in patients with long- standing type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 1127-1131. source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Premisecitation
The first minute of heart rate recovery is largely attributable to parasympathetic reactivation, whereas further HR reduction depends on the gradual decrease in sympathetic nerve activity.
“The first minute of HR recovery is largely attributable to parasympathetic reactivation, whereas further HR reduction depends on the gradual decrease in sympathetic nerve activity.25,26”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
- cites [25] 25. Perini R, Orizio C, Comande A, et al. Plasma norepin- ephrine and heart rate dynamics during recovery from submaximal exercise in man. Eur J Appl Physiol 1989; 58: 879-883. source
- cites [26] 26. Fisher JP. Autonomic control of the heart during exercise in humans: role of skeletal muscle afferents. Exp Physiol 2014; 99: 300-305. source
  The 'Muscle metaboreceptors and cardiac autonomic control' section (page not specified) proposes that parasympathetic activity reactivates when exercise stops and can lower heart rate despite sympathetic influence. It does not establish that this accounts for the first minute of recovery or that later heart-rate reduction depends on a gradual decline in sympathetic nerve activity. (LLM, conf=0.86)
  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Premisecitation
Changes in autonomic tone can directly influence the QT interval, prolongation of which disrupts the electrophysiological environment.
“Furthermore, changes in autonomic tone can directly influence the QT interval, prolongation of which disrupts the electrophysiolocal environment.10”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
- cites [10] 10. Straus SM, Kors JA, De Bruin ML, et al. Prolonged QTc interval and risk of sudden cardiac death in a population of older adults. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: 362-367. source
  The introductory passage (page not provided) says QT prolongation has been associated with ventricular arrhythmias that may trigger sudden cardiac death, supporting a connection to electrical disturbances. It does not say that changes in autonomic tone directly influence the QT interval or establish that prolongation disrupts the electrophysiological environment. (LLM, conf=0.78)
  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation
Heart rate variability and heart rate recovery are non-invasive methods that provide information regarding cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic modulations of heart rate during and after exercise.
“Heart rate variability (HRV) and heart rate recovery (HRR) are non-invasive methods that provide information regarding the cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic modulations of HR during and after exercise.8,9”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
- cites [8] 8. Nissinen SI, Makikallio TH, Seppanen T, et al. Heart rate recovery after exercise as a predictor of mortality among survivors of acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2003; 91: 711-714. source
- cites [9] 9. Cahalin LP, Arena R, Labate V, et al. Predictors of abnormal heart rate recovery in patients with heart fail- ure reduced and preserved ejection fraction. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2013; 21: 906-914. source
  The Introduction and Discussion (page numbers not provided) say that heart rate recovery after exercise reflects parasympathetic reactivation and sympathetic deactivation. The paper does not make the corresponding claim about heart rate variability; it appears only in the title of a cited reference. Thus the source supports the HRR portion, but not the statement about both methods. (LLM, conf=0.87)
  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
Findingown data
The lower LnLF/LnHF ratio in the caffeine trial was caused by a reduced LnLF without a change in LnHF.
“The lower LnLF/LnHF ratio in the caffeine trial was caused by a reduced LnLF without a change in LnHF.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
May combine two claims.
Findingown data
There were no trial differences in resting HR, HR-1, %HRR-1, %HRR-2, RERmax, and RPEmax.
“with no trial differences found in resting HR, HR-1, %HRR-1, %HRR-2, RER max and RPE max .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning
An increased HR and BP and a longer QTc interval with caffeine ingestion suggest a prolonged sympathetic recovery time, which could subsequently attenuate baroreflex function recovery.
“An increased HR and BP and a longer QTc interval with caffeine ingestion, suggesting a prolonged sympathetic recovery time, could subsequently attenuate baroreflex function recovery, which is consistent with the higher HR and BP during post-exercise recovery with caffeine.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation
Caffeine inhibits baroreflex function.
“inhibited baroreflex function, 16”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites [16] 16. Mosqueda-Garcia R, Tseng CJ, Biaggioni I, et al. Effects of caffeine on baroreflex activity in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1990; 48: 568-574. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning
Prolonged sympathetic recovery time could subsequently hinder baroreflex function during recovery and disrupt the stability of autonomic function, potentiating a pro-arrhythmogenic state in young adults.
“The prolonged sympathetic recovery time could subsequently hinder baroreflex function during recovery and disrupt the stability of autonomic function, potentiating a pro-arrhythmogenic state in young adults.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationreasoning
The higher HRmax with caffeine may be explained by the increased work capacity caused by caffeine.
“The higher HR max may be explained by the increased work capacity caused by caffeine.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation
Caffeine prolongs the QT interval.
“prolonged QT interval, 17”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites [17] 17. Shah SA, Lacey CS, Bergendahl T, et al. QTc interval prolongation with high dose energy drink consumption in a healthy volunteer. Int J Cardiol 2014; 172: e336-e337. source
May combine two claims.
Interpretationcitation
Caffeine prolonged the recovery of HR and BP following exercise, suggesting a caffeine-induced increase in sympathetic nerve activity which perturbed cardiovascular homeostasis.
“Although caffeine enhanced work capacity in healthy adults, it prolonged the recovery of HR and BP following exercise, suggesting a caffeine-induced increase in sympathetic nerve activity, 12 which perturbed cardiovascular homeostasis.34”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
- cites [12] 12. Corti R, Binggeli C, Sudano I, et al. Coffee acutely increases sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure independently of caffeine content: role of habitual versus nonhabitual drinking. Circulation 2002; 106: 2935-2940. source
- cites [34] 34. Esler M. The autonomic nervous system and cardiac arrhythmias. Clin Auton Res 1992; 2: 133-135. source
May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning
Caffeine could disrupt the stability in autonomic function particularly following exercise termination, which could predispose young and healthy adults to a pro-arrhythmogenic state.
“This is clinically important because caffeine could disrupt the stability in autonomic function particularly following exercise termination, which could predispose young and healthy adults to a pro-arrhythmogenic state.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone given
Respiration was paced with a metronome at 12 breaths per minute.
“Respiration was paced with a metronome at 12 breath-sÁmin À1 .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductcitation
HRV data were collected 5 minutes post-exercise to allow for steady heart rates.
“HRV data were collected 5 minutes post-exercise to allow for steady HRs. 25”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites [25] 25. Perini R, Orizio C, Comande A, et al. Plasma norepin- ephrine and heart rate dynamics during recovery from submaximal exercise in man. Eur J Appl Physiol 1989; 58: 879-883. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation
Complete autonomic recovery may take longer after relatively greater exercise bouts, depending on intensity, duration, and fitness, hence greater risk of sudden cardiovascular events.
“Complete autonomic recovery may take even longer after relatively greater exercise bouts, depending on the intensity, duration, and fitness of the individual, hence greater risk of sudden cardiovascular events.7”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites [7] 7. Seiler S, Haugen O and Kuffel E. Autonomic recovery after exercise in trained athletes: intensity and duration effects. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39: 1366-1373. source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Premisecitation
Delayed heart rate recovery after exercise is associated with autonomic dysfunction and increased mortality, in which parasympathetic reactivation is impaired.
“Delayed HRR after exercise is associated with autonomic dysfunction and increased mortality, in which parasympathetic reactivation is impaired.8”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites [8] 8. Nissinen SI, Makikallio TH, Seppanen T, et al. Heart rate recovery after exercise as a predictor of mortality among survivors of acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2003; 91: 711-714. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductreasoning
HRV following caffeine ingestion prior to exercise was not examined.
“HRV following caffeine ingestion prior to exercise was not examined; the focus of the study was recovery and resting effects of caffeine ingestion have been previously described.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductreasoning
Female participants were tested during the first 7 days of their menstrual cycle to control for the effects of sex hormones on HRV.
“Female participants were tested during the first 7 days of their menstrual cycle to control for the effects of sex hormones on HRV.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone given
ECG data were automatically peak detected and visually inspected for accuracy and the occurrence of ectopic beats.
“The ECG data were automatically peak detected, visually inspected for accuracy and the occurrence of ectopic beats, and subsequently used to generate a tachogram of the R-R interval time event series.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitation
HRV is an indirect method of assessing autonomic function but is widely used in clinical research.
“Finally, we used HRV to assess autonomic function, which is an indirect method; however, this method has been widely used in clinical research and is, in humans, the best method of estimating sympathetic and parasympathetic interactions.39”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites [39] 39. TaskForce. Heart rate variability: standards of measure- ment, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Circulation 1996; 93: 1043-1065. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone given
The study was approved by the institutional review board at the University of Illinois at Chicago.
“The study was approved by the institutional review board at the University of Illinois at Chicago.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown data
The authors did not measure sympathetic nerve activity.
“We did not measure sympathetic nerve activity, and although its increase is speculative in the present study, caffeine has previously been shown to increase sympathetic nerve activity.12”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites [12] 12. Corti R, Binggeli C, Sudano I, et al. Coffee acutely increases sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure independently of caffeine content: role of habitual versus nonhabitual drinking. Circulation 2002; 106: 2935-2940. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation
Caffeine consumption transiently increases the risk of acute cardiovascular events.
“Caffeine consumption also transiently increases the risk of acute cardiovascular events, 18”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites [18] 18. Baylin A, Hernandez-Diaz S, Kabagambe EK, et al. Transient exposure to coffee as a trigger of a first non- fatal myocardial infarction. Epidemiology 2006; 17: 506-511. source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone given
Participants abstained from caffeinated and alcoholic beverages, food, and strenuous exercise for at least 12 hours before each testing session.
“All participants abstained from caffeinated and alcoholic beverages, food, and strenuous exercise for at least 12 hours before each testing session, separated by at least 48 hours.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown data
The study was a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial.
“Eighteen young and healthy volunteers (10 males and 8 females; age 26 Æ 1 years; BMI 23.9 Æ 0.8 kgÁm À2 ; waist circumference 78.4 Æ 2.1 cm) participated in this randomized, double-blind, crossover study.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation
A higher dosage of caffeine is associated with sudden cardiac death.
“given that a higher dosage is associated with sudden cardiac death.38”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites [38] 38. Lown B. Sudden cardiac death: the major challenge con- fronting contemporary cardiology. Am J Cardiol 1979; 43: 313-328. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation
The caffeine-induced elevated blood pressure has been suggested to be partly mediated by increased peripheral resistance.
“The caffeine-induced elevated BP has been suggested to be partly mediated by increased peripheral resistance, 32”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites [32] 32. Sung BH, Lovallo WR, Pincomb GA and Wilson MF. Effects of caffeine on blood pressure response during exercise in normotensive healthy young men. Am J Cardiol 1990; 65: 909-913. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation
During exercise recovery, heart rate decreases in a mono-exponential manner, dependent on exercise intensity.
“During exercise recovery, HR decreases in a mono-exponential manner, dependent on exercise intensity.25”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites [25] 25. Perini R, Orizio C, Comande A, et al. Plasma norepin- ephrine and heart rate dynamics during recovery from submaximal exercise in man. Eur J Appl Physiol 1989; 58: 879-883. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown data
The authors did not directly measure catecholamine or caffeine concentrations in the blood.
“We did not directly measure catecholamine or caffeine concentrations in the blood, but these effects have been shown in a previous study.32”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
- cites [32] 32. Sung BH, Lovallo WR, Pincomb GA and Wilson MF. Effects of caffeine on blood pressure response during exercise in normotensive healthy young men. Am J Cardiol 1990; 65: 909-913. source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductreasoning
All testing sessions were conducted at the same time of day to reduce diurnal variations.
“All testing sessions were conducted at the same time of day (between 07:00 and 10:00 h) to reduce diurnal variations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

37 of 37

The authors state this as an assumption.
No previous study has examined the prolonged effects of caffeine on autonomic recovery following acute dynamic exercise.
“To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the prolonged effects of caffeine on autonomic recovery following acute dynamic exercise.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The observed autonomic and hemodynamic effects of caffeine in this study are due to increased sympathetic nerve activity.
“We did not measure sympathetic nerve activity, and although its increase is speculative in the present study, caffeine has previously been shown to increase sympathetic nerve activity.12”

2 of 2

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Caffeine alone interferes with post-exercise autonomic recovery via increased sympathetic activity.
“Caffeine alone has also been shown to interfere with post-exercise autonomic recovery via increased sympathetic activity [ 25 ]”
From Acute effects of commercial energy drink consumption on exercise performance and cardiovascular safety: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial (2024) · cites this paper as [25]
The Abstract reports disrupted post-exercise autonomic recovery with caffeine and attributes it to increased sympathetic nerve activity. The Limitations section qualifies that mechanism: sympathetic nerve activity was not measured, and its increase in this study is speculative. Thus the recovery effect is supported, but the claim presents the proposed mechanism as demonstrated. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Earlier research suggests a decrease in heart rate variability linked to caffeine dose.
“The findings suggest a decrease in HRV linked to dose [ 19 ], time [ 20 , 21 ], and form of ingestion (such as drinks, gum, and capsules) [ 11 , 21 , 22 ].”
From Impact of Caffeine Intake Strategies on Heart Rate Variability during Post-Exercise Recovery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
The Experimental design section reports a single 400 mg caffeine dose versus placebo, and the post-exercise recovery discussion reports a lower increase in an HRV measure with caffeine. The paper therefore supports an effect of caffeine on HRV after exercise, but it does not compare caffeine doses or establish a dose-linked decrease. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Based on the studies by Gonzaga et al. and Bunsawat et al., the impact of CAF on post-exercise recovery after treadmill endurance exercises is particularly pronounced.
“Based on the studies by Gonzaga et al. [ 18 ] and Bunsawat et al. [ 19 ], the impact of CAF on post-exercise recovery after treadmill endurance exercises is particularly pronounced.”
From Impact of Caffeine Intake Strategies on Heart Rate Variability during Post-Exercise Recovery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
The Experimental design describes a maximal treadmill test, and the Results report higher heart rate and greater QTc increases during recovery with caffeine. This supports an effect on post-exercise recovery, but the paper does not compare exercise types or establish that the effect is particularly pronounced after treadmill endurance exercise. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The safety of CAF intake, as evaluated through HRV parameters, may be significantly affected when intake is less than 60 minutes prior to exercise.
“The safety of CAF intake, as evaluated through HRV parameters, may be significantly affected when intake is less than 60 minutes prior to exercise.”
From Impact of Caffeine Intake Strategies on Heart Rate Variability during Post-Exercise Recovery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
The Experimental design section reports caffeine ingestion 45 minutes before exercise, and the post-exercise recovery section reports a significant difference in HRV measures between caffeine and placebo. The Conclusions say caffeine could disrupt autonomic stability after exercise, but the study tested only the 45-minute interval in young, healthy volunteers; it does not establish an effect for intake at any time less than 60 minutes before exercise or directly measure safety. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Higher doses may impose a greater cardiometabolic burden, indicated by acute elevations in blood pressure, impaired flow-mediated dilation, and delayed post-exercise autonomic recovery.
“Moreover, acute elevations in blood pressure, impaired flow-mediated dilation, and delayed post-exercise autonomic recovery indicate that higher doses may impose a greater cardiometabolic burden [62].”
From Pre-Exercise Caffeine as a Modulator of Exercise-Induced Acute Cardiometabolic Responses: A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [62]
The Abstract and the section on post-exercise hemodynamics report elevated blood pressure and prolonged heart-rate and autonomic recovery after 400 mg of caffeine versus placebo. The paper does not report flow-mediated dilation or compare caffeine doses, so it does not establish that higher doses produce a greater burden across all three indicators. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Results on caffeine's effects on post-exercise recovery are inconclusive; some studies reported lower vagal reactivation and increased sympathetic activity, while others did not observe expressive differences.
“However, results are still inconclusive. Some studies reported lower vagal reactivation and increased sympathetic activity during the recovery period7,9, while others did not observe expressive differences8,10.”
From Caffeine affects autonomic control of heart rate and blood pressure recovery after aerobic exercise in young adults: a crossover study (2017) · cites this paper as [7]
In the Results and discussion of post-exercise autonomic function (page unavailable), the paper reports recovery findings consistent with increased sympathetic activity after caffeine, but it did not measure sympathetic nerve activity directly. It does not establish lower vagal reactivation: the parasympathetic-related measure declined similarly in the caffeine and placebo trials. The contrasting studies with no appreciable differences are attributed to other citations, not this paper. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Caffeine increases catecholamine release during exercise, alters autonomic function and appears to weaken sympathetic baroreflex function.
“Caffeine also augments catecholamine release during exercise, modulates autonomic function, and appears to blunt sympathetic baroreflex function [13–15].”
From Habitual preexercise caffeine supplementation prevents exercise training-induced attenuation of exercising systolic blood pressure and double product (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
Bunsawat et al. provides evidence that CAF intake disrupts autonomic recovery after exercise, predominantly attributed to the amplification of sympathetic nerve activity.
“Drawing a parallel study by Bunsawat et al. [ 19 ] provides evidence that CAF intake disrupts autonomic recovery after exercise, predominantly attributed to the amplification of sympathetic nerve activity.”
From Impact of Caffeine Intake Strategies on Heart Rate Variability during Post-Exercise Recovery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Acute ingestion of 400 mg caffeine produced a small increase in maximal heart rate compared with placebo (192 ± 2 vs. 190 ± 2 beats/min).
“Bunsawat et al. [62] found that acute ingestion of 400 mg caffeine produced a small increase in maximal heart rate compared with placebo (192 ± 2 vs. 190 ± 2 beats/min).”
From Pre-Exercise Caffeine as a Modulator of Exercise-Induced Acute Cardiometabolic Responses: A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [62]
400 mg caffeine resulted in persistently elevated heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and diastolic blood pressure during the 30 min post-exercise recovery period, accompanied by delayed heart rate variability recovery and mild prolongation of the corrected QT interval.
“Bunsawat et al. [62] reported that 400 mg caffeine resulted in persistently elevated heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and diastolic blood pressure during the 30 min post-exercise recovery period, accompanied by delayed heart rate variability recovery and mild prolongation of the corrected QT interval.”
From Pre-Exercise Caffeine as a Modulator of Exercise-Induced Acute Cardiometabolic Responses: A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [62]
Caffeine may delay parasympathetic reactivation, slow blood pressure recovery, and attenuate early post-exercise hypotension.
“Caffeine may also delay parasympathetic reactivation, slow blood pressure recovery, and attenuate early post-exercise hypotension [62].”
From Pre-Exercise Caffeine as a Modulator of Exercise-Induced Acute Cardiometabolic Responses: A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [62]
Few studies have evaluated the effects of caffeine during post-exercise recovery.
“However, few studies have evaluated its effects during post-exercise recovery7–10”
From Caffeine affects autonomic control of heart rate and blood pressure recovery after aerobic exercise in young adults: a crossover study (2017) · cites this paper as [7]
Most studies evaluating caffeine effects on post-exercise recovery used progressive and exhaustive exercise protocols.
“most of the studies that have evaluated the effects of caffeine supplementation on post-exercise recovery were performed with protocols of progressive and exhaustive exercises7–9”
From Caffeine affects autonomic control of heart rate and blood pressure recovery after aerobic exercise in young adults: a crossover study (2017) · cites this paper as [7]

Heart Rate Variability: Standards of Measurement, Physiological Interpretation, and Clinical Use
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Low-frequency power of heart rate variability is not a measure of cardiac sympathetic tone but may be a measure of modulation of cardiac autonomic outflows by baroreflexes
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Effects of Caffeine on Plasma Renin Activity, Catecholamines and Blood Pressure
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Vagal stimulation and prevention of sudden death in conscious dogs with a healed myocardial infarction.
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Beverage caffeine intakes in the U.S.
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Sudden cardiac death: The major challenge confronting contemporary cardiology
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Autonomic Recovery after Exercise in Trained Athletes: Intensity and Duration Effects
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Influence of caffeine and carbohydrate feedings on endurance performance.
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Autonomic neural control of heart rate during dynamic exercise: revisited
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Self-citation
Autonomic contribution to heart rate recovery from exercise in humans
Savin, W. M., Davidson, D. M., & Haskell, W. L. (1982) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1982.53.6.1572 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Coffee Acutely Increases Sympathetic Nerve Activity and Blood Pressure Independently of Caffeine Content: Role of Habitual Versus Nonhabitual Drinking
Corti, R., Binggeli, C., Sudano, I., Spieker, L., Hänseler, E., Ruschitzka, F., Chaplin, W. F., Lüscher, T. F., & Noll, G. (2002) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000046228.97025.3a · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Prevalence of caffeine use in elite athletes following its removal from the World Anti-Doping Agency list of banned substances
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Plasma norepinephrine and heart rate dynamics during recovery from submaximal exercise in man
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Supine low-frequency power of heart rate variability reflects baroreflex function, not cardiac sympathetic innervation
Moak, J. P., Goldstein, D. S., Eldadah, B. A., Saleem, A., Holmes, C., Pechnik, S., & Sharabi, Y. (2007) · Heart Rhythm · doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2007.07.019 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Sympathetic–parasympathetic interaction in health and disease: abnormalities and relevance in heart failure
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Transient Exposure to Coffee as a Trigger of a First Nonfatal Myocardial Infarction
Baylin, A., Hernandez-Diaz, S., Kabagambe, E. K., Siles, X., & Campos, H. (2006) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/01.ede.0000229444.55718.96 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Autonomic control of the heart during exercise in humans: role of skeletal muscle afferents
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Acute effects of caffeine on heart rate variability
Sondermeijer, H. P., van Marle, A. G. J., Kamen, P., & Krum, H. (2002) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(02)02725-x · Cited by 99 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Female participants were tested during the first 7 days of their menstrual cycle to control for the effects of sex hormones on HRV. Prior to the start of the study, all participants gave written informed consent and completed physical activity and health history questionnaires.”
BackgroundInfluential
Atrial fibrillation in endurance athletes
Wilhelm, M. (2014) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487313476414 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Fatal Caffeine Intoxication: A Series of Eight Cases from 1999 to 2009
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ABSORPTION OF CAFFEINE FROM TEA, COFFEE, AND COCA COLA
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Acute caffeine intake influences central more than peripheral blood pressure in young adults
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Effects of caffeine on blood pressure response during exercise in normotensive healthy young men
Sung, B. H., Lovallo, W. R., Pincomb, G. A., & Wilson, M. F. (1990) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0002-9149(90)91435-9 · Cited by 81 · cited 1× · see citing works
“We did not directly measure catecholamine or caffeine concentrations in the blood, but these effects have been shown in a previous study.(32) We did not measure sympathetic nerve activity, and although its increase is speculative in the present study, caffeine has previously been shown to increase sympathetic nerve ac…”
Background
Influence of Caffeine on Exercise Performance in Habitual Caffeine Users
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Heart rate recovery after exercise as a predictor of mortality among survivors of acute myocardial infarction
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Evaluation of Electrocardiographic and Hemodynamic Effects of Caffeine with Acute Dosing in Healthy Volunteers
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Supine low-frequency power of heart rate variability reflects baroreflex function, not cardiac sympathetic innervation
Moak, J. P., Goldstein, D. S., Eldadah, B. A., Saleem, A., Holmes, C. S., Pechnik, S., & Sharabi, Y. (2009) · Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine · doi:10.3949/ccjm.76.s2.11 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Influence of Caffeine on Heart Rate Variability in Patients With Long-Standing Type 1 Diabetes
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Effects of caffeine on baroreflex activity in humans
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Caffeine Attenuates Early Post-Exercise Hypotension in Middle-Aged Subjects
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“The caffeine-induced elevated BP has been suggested to be partly mediated by increased peripheral resistance,(32) which may result in a reduction in regional blood flow and conductance and an attenuation of postexercise hypotension.(33) Although caffeine enhanced work capacity in healthy adults, it prolonged the recov…”
Background
Metabolic and cardiovascular responses to exercise with caffeine
TONER, M. M., KIRKENDALL, D. T., DELIO, D. J., CHASE, J. M., CLEARY, P. A., & Fox, E. L. (1982) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140138208925074 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
QTc interval prolongation with high dose energy drink consumption in a healthy volunteer
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The effects of caffeine and exercise on body weight, fat-pad weight, and fat-cell size
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Heart rate dynamics after exercise in cardiac patients with and without type 2 diabetes
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Prolongation of QT Interval by Terbutaline in Healthy Subjects
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Research works printed but not linked: 2

Bazett HC, 1920, Heart, 7, 353
Ivy JL, 1979, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 11, 6

Sorted by citations

Caffeine and cardiovascular health
Turnbull, D., Rodricks, J. V., Mariano, G. F., & Chowdhury, F. (2017) · Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.07.025 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Caffeine and Exercise: What Next?
Pickering, C., & Grgić, J. (2019) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-019-01101-0 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
The Influence of Caffeine Supplementation on Resistance Exercise: A Review
Grgić, J., Mikulić, P., Schoenfeld, B. J., Bishop, D. J., & Pedišić, Ž. (2018) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-018-0997-y · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Caffeine and cardiovascular diseases: critical review of current research
Zulli, A., Smith, R. M., Kubatka, P., Novák, J., Uehara, Y., Loftus, H., Qaradakhi, T., Pohanka, M., Kobyliak, N. M., Zagatina, A., et al. (2016) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-016-1179-z · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“On the other hand, in the post-exercise period also blunted autonomic system function recovery was observed—after maximal treadmill test, heart rate, mean arterial pressure and diastolic blood pressure remained elevated in individuals that received caffeine prior to exercise, which is known to be connected to the deve…”
Acute caffeine supplementation in combat sports: a systematic review
López-González, L. M., Sánchez-Oliver, A. J., Ordóñez, F. M., Jiménez, P. J., António, J., & Domínguez, R. (2018) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-018-0267-2 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Caffeine affects autonomic control of heart rate and blood pressure recovery after aerobic exercise in young adults: a crossover study
Gonzaga, L. A., Vanderlei, L. C. M., Gomes, R. L., & Valenti, V. E. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-14540-4 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Caffeine Ingestion Increases Estimated Glycolytic Metabolism during Taekwondo Combat Simulation but Does Not Improve Performance or Parasympathetic Reactivation
Lopes-Silva, J. P., Silva Santos, J. F. D., Branco, B. H. M., Abad, C. C. C., Oliveira, L. F. D., Loturco, I., & Franchini, E. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142078 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“[9] demonstrated that HR was increased 2-min after incremental treadmill exercise with caffeine in relation to placebo.”
Background
Effects of Different Doses of Caffeinated Coffee on Muscular Endurance, Cognitive Performance, and Cardiac Autonomic Modulation in Caffeine Naive Female Athletes
Karayigit, R., Naderi, A., Akca, F., Cruz, C. J. G. D., Sarshin, A., Yasli, B. C., Ersoz, G., & Kaviani, M. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13010002 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Parallelly, 400 mg of anhydrous caffeine was reported to disrupt autonomic function (LF/HF ratio) during 5and 15-min post-exercise because of increased sympathetic nerve activity [34].”
Background
Improved arterial flow-mediated dilation after exertion involves hydrogen peroxide in overweight and obese adults following aerobic exercise training
Robinson, A. T., Franklin, N. C., Norkeviciute, E., Bian, J. T., Babana, J. C., Szczurek, M. R., & Phillips, S. A. (2016) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000000946 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Aerobic exercise intervention Aerobic capacity was assessed pre, mid, and postintervention (weeks 0, 4, and 8) using a graded treadmill test performed as previously described [16].”
Method
Dose-dependent effect of caffeine supplementation on judo-specific performance and training activity: a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial
Durkalec‐Michalski, K., Nowaczyk, P. M., Główka, N., & Grygiel, A. (2019) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-019-0305-8 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Is Caffeine Recommended Before Exercise? A Systematic Review To Investigate Its Impact On Cardiac Autonomic Control Via Heart Rate And Its Variability
Benjamim, C. J. R., Kliszczewicz, B., Garner, D. M., Cavalcante, T. C. F., da Silva, A. A. M., Santana, M. D. R., & Valenti, V. E. (2020) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2019.1705201 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Caffeine during High-Intensity Whole-Body Exercise: An Integrative Approach beyond the Central Nervous System
Lima‐Silva, A. E., Cristina-Souza, G., Silva‐Cavalcante, M. D., Bertuzzi, R., & Bishop, D. J. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13082503 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“inconclusive, caffeine might increase maximal heart rate [44,45] and vasoconstriction in inactive”
BackgroundMethodResult
Beetroot (Beta Vulgaris L.) Extract Acutely Improves Heart Rate Variability Recovery Following Strength Exercise: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial-Pilot Study
Benjamim, C. J. R., S., F., de Figueirêdo, M. I. L. S., Benjamim, C. J. R., Cavalcante, T. C. F., da Silva, A. A. M., Monteiro, L. R. L., Santana, M. D., Garner, D., & Valenti, V. (2020) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2020.1774441 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Alternatively, it is recognized that the use of caffeine alone promotes a delay in the return of parasympathetic activity to baseline levels following physical effort (14,40,41).”
Background
Caffeine ingestion changes time‐motion and technical‐tactical aspects in simulated boxing matches: A randomized double‐blind PLA‐controlled crossover study
Coswig, V. S., Gentil, P., Irigon, F., & Vecchio, F. B. D. (2018) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2018.1465599 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Influence of a CYP1A2 polymorphism on post-exercise heart rate variability in response to caffeine intake: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Thomas, R. M., Algrain, H. A., Ryan, E. J., Popojas, A., Carrigan, P., Abdulrahman, A., & Carrillo, A. E. (2017) · Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -) · doi:10.1007/s11845-016-1478-7 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The dose-dependent effect of caffeine supplementation on performance, reaction time and postural stability in CrossFit – a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial
Główka, N., Malik, J., Podgórski, T., Stemplewski, R., Maciaszek, J., Ciążyńska, J., Zawieja, E. E., Chmurzyńska, A., Nowaczyk, P. M., & Durkalec‐Michalski, K. (2024) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2023.2301384 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Moreover, Bunsawat et al. [52] and Lopes-Silva et al. [55] showed higher HR in CAF group (HR max and HR mean , respectively).”
Background
The effects of varying doses of caffeine on cardiac parasympathetic reactivation following an acute bout of anaerobic exercise in recreational athletes
Sarshin, A., Naderi, A., da Cruz, C. J. G., Feizolahi, F., Forbes, S. C., Candow, D. G., Mohammadgholian, E., Amiri, M., Jafari, N., Rahimi, A., et al. (2020) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-020-00373-6 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Caffeine Intake and Its Influences on Heart Rate Variability Recovery in Healthy Active Adults after Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Porto, A. A., Benjamim, C. J. R., Gonzaga, L. A., Luciano de Almeida, M., Bueno Júnior, C. R., Garner, D. M., & Valenti, V. E. (2022) · Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2022.01.015 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“[28] they considered as an exclusion factor consumption of beverages with CAF greater than the equivalent of three cups of coffee per day (>285 mg/day).”
Background
Caffeine slows heart rate autonomic recovery following strength exercise in healthy subjects
Benjamim, C. J. R., Monteiro, L. R. L., Pontes, Y. M. D. M., da Silva, A. A. M., de Souza, T. K. M., Valenti, V. E., Garner, D. M., & Cavalcante, T. C. F. (2021) · Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia · doi:10.1016/j.repc.2020.07.015 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Also, increased SAP during exercise is highlighted with CAF intake.(23) This is due to the vasoconstriction caused by CAF, partially by the increased release of catecholamines into the bloodstream.”
Background
Effect of olfactory stimulation from aromatherapy on the autonomic nervous activity during aerobic exercises
Okada, K., & Shimatani, K. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-61732-w · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Evidence-based post exercise recovery in combat sports: a narrative review
López‐Laval, I., Mielgo‐Ayuso, J., Terrados, N., & Calleja-González, J. (2021) · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11341-0 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Caffeine increases performance and leads to a cardioprotective effect during intense exercise in cyclists
Sampaio-Jorge, F., Morales, A. P., Pereira, R., Barth, T., & Ribeiro, B. G. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-03158-2 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Effects of Caffeine on Performances of Simulated Match, Wingate Anaerobic Test, and Cognitive Function Test of Elite Taekwondo Athletes in Hong Kong
Sun, F., Siu, A. Y.-S., Wang, K., Zhang, B., Chan, M.-H., Chan, K.-H., Kong, P.-S., Man, K.-Y., & Chow, G. C.-C. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14163398 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“According to one previous study [60], caffeine ingestion may delay postexercise autonomic recovery, that is, the sympathetic nervous system may be disrupted, and autonomic HR recovery may be prolonged.”
Background
The influence of external stressors on physiological testing: Implication for return-to-play protocols
Ellingson, C. J., Singh, J., Ellingson, C. A., Dech, R. T., Piskorski, J., & Neary, J. P. (2022) · Current Research in Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.crphys.2022.06.003 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Caffeine slows heart rate autonomic recovery following strength exercise in healthy subjects
Benjamim, C. J. R., Monteiro, L. R. L., Pontes, Y. M. D. M., Silva, A. A. M. D., Souza, T. K. M. D., Valenti, V. E., Garner, D. M., & Cavalcante, T. C. F. (2021) · Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.repce.2020.07.021 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Also, increased SAP during exercise is highlighted with CAF intake.(23) This is due to the vasoconstriction caused by CAF, partially by the increased release of catecholamines into the bloodstream.”
Background
Involvement of Cardiorespiratory Capacity on the Acute Effects of Caffeine on Autonomic Recovery
Gonzaga, L. A., Vanderlei, L. C. M., Gomes, R. L., Garner, D. M., & Valenti, V. E. (2019) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina55050196 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“As recognized above, caffeine supplementation in different populations is one of the ergogenic strategies investigated in the scientific research literature [3,7,11,15].”
Background
Caffeine ingestion alters central hemodynamics following aerobic exercise in middle-aged men
Harber, M. P., McCurry, A., Carlini, N., Kistler, B., & Fleenor, B. S. (2021) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04521-3 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Impact of Caffeine Intake Strategies on Heart Rate Variability during Post-Exercise Recovery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Almeida, B. A., Morales, A. P., Ribeiro, J. R. C., Sampaio-Jorge, F., Ribeiro, Y. G., Barth, T., & Ribeiro, B. G. (2024) · Current Cardiology Reviews · doi:10.2174/011573403x289842240307114736 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The Role of the Autonomic Nervous System in Cardiovascular Toxicity
Carll, A. P., Farraj, A. K., & Roberts, A. M. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.64259-9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Using caffeine as a chemical means to induce flow states
Reich, N., Mannino, M., & Kotler, S. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105577 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Synergistic effect of energy drinks and overweight/obesity on cardiac autonomic testing using the Valsalva maneuver in university students
Majeed, F., Yar, T., Alsunni, A. A., et al. (2017) · Annals of Saudi Medicine · doi:10.5144/0256-4947.2017.181 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Connections between Different Sports and Ergogenic Aids—Focusing on Salivary Cortisol and Amylase
Honceriu, C., Curpăn, A.-Ș., Ciobica, A. S., Ciobîcă, A., Truş, C., & Timofte, D. V. (2021) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina57080753 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“An increased sympathetic nerve activity may lead to a disruption in the post-exercise autonomic recovery following caffeine ingestion [80], and also caffeine delays parasympathetic recovery [81] and does not prevent the decline in performance in the morning nor improve performance in the afternoon in repeated spring e…”
Background
Habitual preexercise caffeine supplementation prevents exercise training-induced attenuation of exercising systolic blood pressure and double product
West, K. S., Helwig, N. J., Schwager, L. E., Hart, T. W., Zucker, A. C., Venenga, J. S., Flores, M., & Jenkins, N. D. M. (2025) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00874.2024 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Does Caffeine Supplementation Associated with Paralympic Powerlifting Training Interfere with Hemodynamic Indicators?
Menezes, J. L., Aidar, F. J., Bădicu, G., Cataldi, S., Carvutto, R., Silva, A. F., Clemente, F. M., Cerulli, C., de Jesus, J. B., Souza, L. M. V., et al. (2022) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology11121843 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Previous research has investigated the impact of CA supplementation on sports hemodynamics, showing that CA and supplements with this substance tend to produce negative post-exercise hemodynamic responses compared to placeboes, such as increased BP and HR [26,27].”
Background
Effects of Low Dose Caffeine on Post-Exercise Heart Rate Variability: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial
(2022) · International Journal of Exercise Science · doi:10.70252/yimf3962 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Two studies reported that caffeine delayed HRV recovery after maximal intensity exhaustive exercise (4, 42).”
Background
Sugar-Sweetened Coffee Intake and Blood Glucose Management in Korean Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
Yoo, H., & Park, K. (2022) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo12121177 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A caffeine containing weight loss supplement augments hemodynamic responses after exercise
Buchanan, S. R., & Karabulut, M. (2018) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.11.012 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Acute effects of commercial energy drink consumption on exercise performance and cardiovascular safety: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial
Banks, N. F., Rogers, E. M., Helwig, N. J., Schwager, L. E., Alpers, J. P., Schulte, S. L., Trachta, E. R., Lockwood, C. M., & Jenkins, N. D. M. (2024) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2023.2297988 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Caffeine alone has also been shown to interfere with post-exercise autonomic recovery via increased sympathetic activity [25], and thus energy drink consumption may impede cardiovascular recovery following exhaustive exercise.”
BackgroundResult
The Influence of Caffeine on Tolerance to Sport‐Specific High‐Intensity Exercise in Young Elite Soccer Players
Bezuglov, E., Vakhidov, T., Malyakin, G. I., Kapralova, E., Emanov, A., Koroleva, E., Manina, M. A., Ильинична, Э. С., & Talibov, O. B. (2024) · Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1111/jhn.70002 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Boost or bust? A randomized crossover study on pre-exercise caffeine supplementation for fatigue management in basketball
Pernigoni, M., Cesanelli, L., Šimkus, L., Shah, H., Gorbas, J., Coletta, F., Toper, C. R., & Conte, D. (2025) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2025.112855 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Moderate, but not heavy, tea drinking decreased the associated risk of gallstones in a Taiwanese population
Su, F.-L., Li, C., Chang, Y., Wu, J., Chang, C., Lu, F.-H., & Yang, Y. (2018) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/s41430-018-0265-0 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Effects of strategic early-morning caffeine gum administration on association between salivary alpha-amylase and neurobehavioural performance during 50 h of sleep deprivation
Pajcin, M., White, J. M., Banks, S., Dorrian, J., Paech, G. M., Grant, C. L., Johnson, K., Tooley, K. L., Aidman, E., Fidock, J. J. T., et al. (2018) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2018.01.026 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Effects of Caffeine and Citrus Aurantium on Performance During Repeated Maximal Anaerobic Exercise Bouts in Habitual Caffeine Users
McLester, C. N., Bailey, P., Bechke, E. E., Williamson, C. M., McLester, J. R., & Kliszczewicz, B. (2019) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003360 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Within this context, supplements that stimulate metabolic activity and increase thermogenesis have been reported as viable tools to promote greater exercise efficiency and performance (7,16).”
Effects of Caffeine Supplementation on the Recovery of Professional Soccer Players
Silva, T. M. E., de Abreu, W. C., Pimenta, E. M., & da Silva, S. F. (2022) · Muscles · doi:10.3390/muscles2010001 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Caffeine is the subject of much research in football, and it is still unclear about its effect on the recovery of athletes, some studies indicate that caffeine can impair recovery [1], while other research demonstrates that caffeine may have no effect on markers of muscle damage [2] and even some studies suggest that…”
Caffeine does not change incremental test performance and autonomic recovery response in COPD patients
Costa, B., Ferreira, G., & Okuno, N. (2023) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-022-01037-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“There is no general agreement about the effect of caffeine on cardiac autonomic indexes, since some studies have shown an autonomic imbalance during recovery [43, 44], and others have not demonstrated any effects [22].”
Background
Relationship Between Caffeine Consumption and Young Athletes’ Comorbidities, Exercise-Related Symptoms, and Baseline Electrocardiogram
Farber, J., Dikdan, S. J., Ruge, M., Johnson, D. M., & Shipon, D. (2023) · Sports Health A Multidisciplinary Approach · doi:10.1177/19417381231168828 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“4,19 Studies investigating the cardiovascular effects of caffeine during exercise have shown that caffeine consumption leads to increased blood pressure, increased myocardial contractility, and reduced myocardial blood flow.”
Background
Sports nutrition: boosting performance with functional foods
Bhattarai, P., Niroula, K., & Nirmal, N. P. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-28862-3.00008-x · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Pre-Exercise Caffeine as a Modulator of Exercise-Induced Acute Cardiometabolic Responses: A Narrative Review
Geng, H., Zhou, Z., Meng, L., Zhuang, M., & Zhao, Y. (2026) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo16070478 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Bunsawat et al. [62] reported that 400 mg caffeine resulted in persistently elevated heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and diastolic blood pressure during the 30 min post-exercise recovery period, accompanied by delayed heart rate variability recovery and mild prolongation of the corrected QT…”
Influential
The Efficacy of a Calamansi-Containing Energy Drink on Running Performance and Recovery in NCAA Division I Middle-Distance Runners: A Preliminary Study
Alansare, A. B., Hayman, J., Lee, J. M., Seo, M.-W., Yoo, D.-S., & Jung, H. C. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182111023 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Yet, recent evidence indicates that caffeinated EDs not only can delay recovery [4,5] but can also adversely impact various health outcomes such as toxicity, insomnia, cardiac arrhythmia,”
The Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in Autonomic Nervous System Monitoring
Abdallah, Y. M. Y., & Abuhadi, N. H. (2019) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.89593 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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“20,25 In fact, Bunsawat et al. 34 showed that 300 mg of caffeine was effective to elevate the HR during the ﬁrst 2 minutes of active recovery after an incremental test when compared with placebo condition.”
Effect of Caffeine on Hemodynamics and Autonomics Parameters in Hypertensive Women after Aerobic Exercise
da Nobrega, T. K. S., Brasileiro-Santos, M. D. S., Dantas, F. F. O., de Lima, P. F. M., da Silva, F. T. M., Brito, A. D. F., & Santos, A. D. C. (2017) · Motricidade · doi:10.6063/motricidade.12942 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Nutrition and athletic performance: implications of heart rate variability
Minnis, J. M. (2015) · K-State Research Exchange (Kansas State University) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Heart Rate Variability and Acute Musical Auditory Stimulation
Gomes, R. L., Post-Graduate Program in Physical Therapy, U., Gonzaga, L. A., Chambrone, J. Z., Vanderlei, L. C. M., & Valenti, V. E. (2016) · Journal of Cardiology and Therapy · doi:10.17554/j.issn.2309-6861.2016.03.101-3
Effect of Caffeine on near Maximal Blood Pressure and Blood Pressure Recovery in Physically-Active, College-Aged Females
Connahan, L. E., Ott, C. A., & Barry, V. (2017) · International journal of exercise science · doi:10.70252/hpnk7689
Efeitos do treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade sobre as respostas fisiológicas e o desempenho de atletas de judô
Branco, B. H. M. (2017) · doi:10.11606/t.39.2017.tde-12012017-093150
Efeito da ingestão isolada de cafeína e bicarbonato de sódio sobre a contribuição energética, desempenho e reativação parassimpática em simulação de luta de taekwondo
da Silva, J. P. L. (2018) · doi:10.11606/t.39.2018.tde-24042018-094422
Compare the Effects of Caffeine on QTc Interval and Blood Pressure During Isometric and Isotonic Contractions in Male Athletes and Non-Athletes
Kashef, M. A., Nejatmand, N., Kashef, A., et al. (2018) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · doi:10.18869/acadpub.jbums.20.3.7
Acute Exercise Response of Caffeine and Nitric Oxide Stimulating Pre-Workout Supplement among Healthy Male Recreational Athletes
Blake, M. S. (2017) · NDSU Repository (North Dakota State University)
A Ação da Bebida Energética na Frequência Cardíaca de Recuperação Independe da Capacidade Funcional
Dutra, R. F., Marques, F. E. M., & de Matos, L. D. N. J. (2022) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia · doi:10.36660/abc.20220596
Effect of olfactory stimulation from aromatherapy on the autonomic nervous activity during aerobic exercisesPreprint
Okada, K., & Shimatani, K. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3688636/v1
The Role of the Autonomic Nervous System in Cardiovascular Toxicity
Carll, A. P., Reynolds, B. R., & Roberts, A. M. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95488-4.00263-1

Caffeine affects autonomic control of heart rate and blood pressure recovery after aerobic exercise in young adults: a crossover study
Gonzaga, L. A., Vanderlei, L. C. M., Gomes, R. L., & Valenti, V. E. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-14540-4 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Caffeine and Citrate Aurantium Supplementation Alter Resting Cardiac Autonomic Function but Not During Recovery
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Caffeine slows heart rate autonomic recovery following strength exercise in healthy subjects = Cafeína retarda a recuperação autonómica da frequência cardíaca após o exercício de força em indivíduos saudáveis
Benjamim, C. J. R., Monteiro, L. R. L., Pontes, Y. M. D. M., da Silva, A. A. M., de Souza, T. K. M., Valenti, V. E., Garner, D. M., & Cavalcante, T. C. F. (2021) · Radar (Oxford Brookes University)
The effects of varying doses of caffeine on cardiac parasympathetic reactivation following an acute bout of anaerobic exercise in recreational athletes
Sarshin, A., Naderi, A., da Cruz, C. J. G., Feizolahi, F., Forbes, S. C., Candow, D. G., Mohammadgholian, E., Amiri, M., Jafari, N., Rahimi, A., et al. (2020) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-020-00373-6 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Involvement of Cardiorespiratory Capacity on the Acute Effects of Caffeine on Autonomic Recovery
Gonzaga, L. A., Vanderlei, L. C. M., Gomes, R. L., Garner, D. M., & Valenti, V. E. (2019) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina55050196 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Authors: Bunsawat, K., White, D. W., Kappus, R. M., & Baynard, T.
Affiliations: University of Illinois Chicago (US)
Corresponding author: Bunsawat, Kanokwan
ORCID: Bunsawat, Kanokwan
White, Daniel W
Kappus, Rebecca M
Baynard, Tracy
Venue: European Journal of Preventive Cardiology
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2014-10-08
Volume: 22
Issue: 11
Pages: 1473-1479
ISSN: 2047-4873 (ISSN-L)
2047-4881
DOI: 10.1177/2047487314554867
OpenAlex: W2130872823
Semantic Scholar: 8557be2d0a887574494977bbcd9f124c350f008e
Cited by: 61
References: 40
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 2
FWCI: 3.39
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: European Journal of Preventive Cardiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Keywords: caffeine, autonomic recovery, post-exercise recovery, heart rate variability, QTc interval, sympathetic activity, baroreflex, sudden cardiac death risk, catecholamines, exercise-induced arrhythmia, blood pressure
MeSH terms: Adult, Autonomic Nervous System, Caffeine, Chicago, Double-Blind Method, Female, Heart, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Time Factors, Exercise, Baroreflex, Cross-Over Studies, Recovery of Function, Arterial Pressure, Healthy Volunteers

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Caffeine delays autonomic recovery following acute exercise

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