The DOI matches its Crossref record; 65 of the 65 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The LF/HF ratio does not accurately measure cardiac sympatho-vagal balance
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OPINION article Front. Physiol., 20 February 2013Sec. Clinical and Translational Physiology Volume 4 - 2013 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2013.00026
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“It should be noted, though, that sympathetic and parasympathetic activity are not reciprocal, but interact in a loosely coupled fashion (e.g. Billman, 2013; de Geus et al., 2019).”
From Trauma-related dissociation and the autonomic nervous system: a systematic literature review of psychophysiological correlates of dissociative experiencing in PTSD patients (2022) · cites this paper as Billman, 2013
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Under ordinary circumstances, HF decreases indicate decreased parasympathetic and increased sympathetic activation [36, 48, 49]”
From The Influence of Buddhist Meditation Traditions on the Autonomic System and Attention (2015) · cites this paper as [36]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Hence, there is now a consensus to say that the precise physiological underpinning is unclear, thus lowering its predictive value.”
From Heart Rate Variability and Cardiac Vagal Tone in Psychophysiological Research – Recommendations for Experiment Planning, Data Analysis, and Data Reporting (2017) · cites this paper as Billman, 2013
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Cites
Heart Rate Variability: Standards of Measurement, Physiological Interpretation, and Clinical Use
Electrophysiology, T. F. O. T. E. S. O. C. T. N. A. (1996) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.93.5.1043 · Cited by 17,159
Heart rate variability: Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use
Malik, M., Bigger, J. T., Camm, A. J., Kleiger, R. E., Malliani, A., Moss, A. J., & Schwartz, P. J. (1996) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a014868 · Cited by 15,289
Akselrod, S., Gordon, D., Ubel, F. A., Shannon, D. C., Berger, A. C., & Cohen, R. J. (1981) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6166045 · Cited by 5,079
Pagani, M., Lombardi, F., Guzzetti, S., Rimoldi, O., Furlan, R., Pizzinelli, P., Sandrone, G., Malfatto, G., Dell'Orto, S., & Piccaluga, E. (1986) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.59.2.178 · Cited by 4,130
Kleiger, R. E., Miller, J. P., Bigger, J. T., & Moss, A. J. (1987) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0002-9149(87)90795-8 · Cited by 3,995
Heart rate variability: origins, methods, and interpretive caveats
BERNTSON, G. G., THOMAS BIGGER, J., ECKBERG, D. L., GROSSMAN, P., KAUFMANN, P. G., MALIK, M., NAGARAJA, H. N., PORGES, S. W., SAUL, J. P., STONE, P. H., et al. (1997) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02140.x · Cited by 3,962
Cardiovascular neural regulation explored in the frequency domain.
Malliani, A., Pagani, M., Lombardi, F., & Cerutti, S. (1991) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.84.2.482 · Cited by 3,569
Thayer, J. F., Yamamoto, S. S., & Brosschot, J. F. (2010) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.09.543 · Cited by 2,276
Respiratory sinus arrhythmia in humans: how breathing pattern modulates heart rate
Hirsch, J. A., & Bishop, B. (1981) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1981.241.4.h620 · Cited by 1,105
Cited by
Sorted by citations
An overview of heart rate variability metrics and norms
Shaffer, F., & Ginsberg, J. P. (2017) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2017.00258 · Cited by 7,185
Laborde, S., Mosley, E., & Thayer, J. F. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00213 · Cited by 2,336
“However, this view has been highly criticized (Eckberg, 1997; Billman, 2013).”
BackgroundShaffer, F., McCraty, R., & Zerr, C. L. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01040 · Cited by 1,866
Anxiety Disorders are Associated with Reduced Heart Rate Variability: A Meta-Analysis
Chalmers, J. A., Quintana, D. S., Abbott, M. J.-A., & Kemp, A. H. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00080 · Cited by 1,067
“There is an ongoing debate as to the interpretation of LF HRV (85, 87), and consequently there are sound arguments against the utility and meaningfulness of the oft reported measure LF/HF ratio (88, 89).”
BackgroundThe anatomical basis for transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation
Butt, M. F., Albusoda, A., Farmer, A. D., & Aziz, Q. (2019) · Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1111/joa.13122 · Cited by 616
Metadata
- Authors
- Billman, G. E.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Billman, George E.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Physiology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 4
- Pages
- 26-26
- ISSN
- 1664-042X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3576706
- OpenAlex
- W2107161633
- Cited by
- 1,401
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 177 · 2025: 140 · 2024: 122 · 2023: 123 · 2022: 134 · 2021: 130 · 2020: 115 · 2019: 107 · 2018: 121 · 2017: 98 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 14
- FWCI
- 30.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Physiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Keywords
- LF/HF ratio, heart rate variability, autonomic nervous system
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