Two-phase microalgae cultivation for RAS water remediation and high-value biomass production
Open accessAbstract
The overall goal of this study was to provide solutions to innovative microalgae-based technology for wastewater remediation in a cold-water recirculating marine aquaculture system (RAS). This is based on the novel concept of integrated aquaculture systems in which fish nutrient-rich rearing water will be used for microalgae cultivation. The produced biomass can be used as fish feed, while the cleaned water can be reused, to create a highly eco-sustainable circular economy. Here, we tested three microalgae species Nannochloropis granulata ( Ng ), Phaeodactylum tricornutum ( Pt ), and Chlorella sp ( Csp ) for their ability to remove nitrogen and phosphate from the RAS wastewater and simultaneously produce high-value biomass, i.e., containing amino acids (AA), carotenoids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). A high yield and value of biomass were achieved for all species in a two-phase cultivation strategy: i) a first phase using a medium optimized for best growth (f/2 14x, control); ii) a second “stress” phase using the RAS wastewater to enhance the production of high-value metabolites. Ng and Pt performed best in terms of biomass yield (i.e., 5-6 g of dry weight, DW.L -1 ) and efficient cleaning of the RAS wastewater from nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate (i.e., 100% removal). Csp produced about 3 g L -1 of DW and reduced efficiently only nitrate, and phosphate (i.e., about 76% and 100% removal, respectively). The biomass of all strains was rich in protein (30-40 % of DW) containing all the essential AA except Methionine. The biomass of all three species was also rich in PUFAs. Finally, all tested species are excellent sources of antioxidant carotenoids, including fucoxanthin ( Pt ), lutein ( Ng and Csp ) and β -carotene ( Csp ). All tested species in our novel two-phase cultivation strategy thus showed great potential to treat marine RAS wastewater and provide sustainable alternatives to animal and plant proteins with extra added values.
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It is important to maintain a balance between the growth rate of biomass and the efficiency of the accumulation of storage substances, which can be achieved by two-stage cultivation strategies.
“It is important to maintain a balance between the growth rate of biomass and the efficiency of the accumulation of storage substances, which can be achieved by two-stage cultivation strategies [102].”
From Multi-Sensing Monitoring of the Microalgae Biomass Cultivation Systems for Biofuels and Added Value Products Synthesis—Challenges and Opportunities (2025) · cites this paper as [102]
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- Authors
- Villanova, V., Roques, J. A. C., Forghani, B., Shaikh, K. M., Undeland, I., & Spetea, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- Chalmers University of Technology (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Villanova, Valeria
- Roques, Jonathan Armand Charles
- ORCID
- Venue
- Frontiers in Plant Science
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2023-06-12
- Volume
- 14
- Pages
- 1186537-1186537
- ISSN
- 1664-462X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10292630
- OpenAlex
- W4380367111
- Cited by
- 17
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 2
- FWCI
- 0.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Plant Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Nova Science Publishers (Nova Science Publishers, Inc.) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission (HORIZON2020, 844909)
- Swedish Foundation for International Cooperation in Research and Higher Education (MG2019-8483)
- Svenska Forskningsrådet Formas (2018-01839, 2020-00867)
- Vetenskapsrådet (2018-)
- Göteborgs Universitet
- Kungl. Skogs- och Lantbruksakademien
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (20KK0244)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Innovations in Aquaponics and Hydroponics Systems
- Keywords
- microalgae cultivation, recirculating aquaculture system, aquaculture wastewater treatment, nitrogen removal, phosphate removal, two-phase cultivation, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Chlorella, fish feed, carotenoids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, amino acids, circular economy, integrated aquaculture
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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