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What is working memory capacity, and how can we measure it?
Open accessAbstract
A latent variable study examined whether different classes of working-memory tasks measure the same general construct of working-memory capacity (WMC). Data from 270 subjects were used to examine the relationship between Binding, Updating, Recall-N-back, and Complex Span tasks, and the relations of WMC with secondary memory measures, indicators of cognitive control from two response-conflict paradigms (Simon task and Eriksen flanker task), and fluid intelligence. Confirmatory factor analyses support the concept of a general WMC factor. Results from structural-equation modeling show negligible relations of WMC with response-conflict resolution, and very strong relations of WMC with secondary memory and fluid intelligence. The findings support the hypothesis that individual differences in WMC reflect the ability to build, maintain and update arbitrary bindings.
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In the citing paper
“the “binding hypothesis” (e.g., Wilhelm et al., 2013) views the working memory system as reflecting the ability to rapidly build, maintain, and update bindings or relations between memory items.”
From Which “working memory” are we talking about? Complex span tasks versus N-back (2025) · cites this paper as Wilhelm et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“Wilhelm et al. [48] reported a very high correlation (r = .92) between a latent factor consisting of n-back tasks and another factor comprising tasks similar to the arithmetical updating task, and they argued that both types of task measure the same updating construct.”
From Nearest transfer effects of working memory training: A comparison of two programs focused on working memory updating (2019) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“The n-back and arithmetical updating tasks were chosen as training tasks because they tap the same process, i.e., WMU. Both types of updating task have been considered as indicators of the same latent factor [47].”
From Nearest transfer effects of working memory training: A comparison of two programs focused on working memory updating (2019) · cites this paper as [48]
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“Our findings thus indicate that transfer to another, structurally similar updating task tapping the same process as the trained one [48] may sometimes prove unsuccessful.”
From Nearest transfer effects of working memory training: A comparison of two programs focused on working memory updating (2019) · cites this paper as [48]
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- Keye D. Wilhelm O. Oberauer K. van Ravenzwaaij D. (2010). Erratum. Individual differences in conflict-monitoring: testing means and covariance hypothesis about the Simon and the Eriksen Flanker task. Psychol. Res. 74, 237– 238 10.1007/s00426-008-0188-9 19034502 · DOI
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Metadata
- Authors
- Wilhelm, O., Hildebrandt, A., & Oberauer, K.
- Affiliations
- Universität Ulm (DE)
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Wilhelm, Oliver
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 4
- Pages
- 433-433
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3721021
- OpenAlex
- W2115768836
- Cited by
- 468
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 20.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- OPen Access Repositorium der Universität Ulm (OPARU) (Ulm University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- edoc Publication server (Humboldt University of Berlin) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Universität Ulm, Kommunikations- und Informationszentrum (kiz) (cc-by)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- working memory capacity, latent constructs, binding, updating, complex span, secondary memory, cognitive control, response conflict, Simon task, flanker task, fluid intelligence, individual differences
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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