Growth mixture modeling of depression symptoms following traumatic brain injury
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= 16.61). The study also examined the associations between the groups and causes of TBI. Symptoms of depression were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale within 3 weeks of injury, and at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months post-injury. The results revealed three groups: low, high, and delayed depression. In the low group depression scores remained below the clinical cut-off at all assessment points during the 24-months post-TBI, and in the high group, depression scores were above the clinical cut-off at all assessment points. The delayed group showed an increase in depression symptoms to 12 months after injury, followed by a return to initial assessment level during the following 12 months. Covariates were found to be differentially associated with the three groups. For example, relative to the low group, the high depression group was associated with more severe TBI, being female, and a shorter period of hospitalization. The delayed group also had a shorter period of hospitalization, were younger, and sustained less severe TBI. Our findings show considerable fluctuation of depression over time, and that a non-clinical level of depression at any one point in time does not necessarily mean that the person will continue to have non-clinical levels in the future. As we used GMM, we were able to show new findings and also bring clarity to contradictory past findings on depression and TBI. Consequently, we recommend the use of this approach in future studies in this area.
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Growth mixture modeling has been useful for recognizing classes of patients who share similar longitudinal trajectories of depressive symptoms.
“recognizing classes of patients who share similar longitudinal trajectories of depressive symptoms (Bombardier et al., 2016; Gomez et al., 2017; Saunders et al., 2019; Saunders et al., 2020).”
From Time in treatment: Examining mental illness trajectories across inpatient psychiatric treatment (2020) · cites this paper as Gomez et al., 2017
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- Authors
- Gomez, R., Skilbeck, C., Thomas, M., & Slatyer, M.
- Affiliations
- Federation University (AU)
- University of Tasmania (AU)
- Charles Sturt University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Gomez, Rapson
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2017-08-22
- Volume
- 8
- Pages
- 1320-1320
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5572290
- OpenAlex
- W2747981590
- Cited by
- 21
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 1.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Charles Sturt University Research Output (CRO) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- FedUni ResearchOnline (Federation University Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Federation University Australia
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Keywords
- traumatic brain injury, depressive symptoms, growth mixture modeling, subthreshold depression, injury severity, length of hospital stay, sex differences
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