Cited by 337Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 121 of the 122 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Emotion Regulation in Current and Remitted Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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Visted, Endre, Vøllestad, Jon, Nielsen, Morten Birkeland, Schanche, Elisabeth·2018·Frontiers in Psychology

DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00756PMC PMC5968125

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Abstract

Background Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a highly prevalent, recurrent and potentially chronic disorder. Identifying risk factors and underlying mechanisms to inform preventive and therapeutic interventions is therefore imperative. Emotion regulation is a proposed factor in the development and maintenance of MDD. The aim of the present review was to summarize and synthesize research on self-reported emotion regulation strategy use and emotion regulation abilities in adults diagnosed with current and remitted MDD. Methods Seventy-two eligible studies were retrieved from databases through a systematic literature search. Group differences between individuals with current MDD, remitted MDD and healthy controls were calculated using meta-analytic procedures. Meta-regression analyses investigated potential moderator effects on emotion regulation difficulties. Results Results indicated that individuals with current MDD report higher maladaptive emotion regulation strategy use for avoidance (Hedges’ g = 1.3), rumination (g = 2.1) and suppression (g = 1.1) compared to healthy controls. Also, they reported lower adaptive emotion regulation strategy use for acceptance (g =-1.0), problem solving (g = -1.0) and reappraisal (g = -0.7). Individuals with current MDD reported limited general emotion regulation abilities, indicated by higher alexithymia (g =1.45), lower emotional awareness (g =-0.95), emotional clarity (g = -1.50) and emotional tolerance (g =-1.89). Similar results were found in individuals with remitted MDD for avoidance (g = 1.0), rumination (g = 1.1), suppression (g = 0.6) and general emotion regulation abilities. However, no difference was found between individuals with remitted MDD and healthy controls for adaptive emotion regulation strategies. Meta-regression analyses suggest that age of illness onset, comorbid anxiety and duration of remission influence emotion regulation. Conclusion The present review and meta-analysis indicates that individuals with current and remitted MDD have difficulties with emotion regulation compared to individuals who have never been depressed. Although depressive symptoms improve, emotion regulation difficulties may continue, and could be a contributing factor to relapse. Our findings inform future research on emotion regulation and psychotherapeutic interventions.

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Wang, A. L. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1718674 · Cited by 3
Maladaptive Emotion Regulation Among Empty-Nest Older Adults with Depressive Symptoms Across Interpersonal Contexts
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“Nevertheless, previous research has shown that individuals with MDD, even when remitted, still tend to suppress emotions, which could also manifest in lower scores [62].”
Smiling your way to happiness or misery? Experimental tests of competing perspectives
Coles, N. A., Dang, A., & Takayanagi, J. F. G. B. (2026) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2026.104895 · Cited by 1
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Naranjo, V. M., Bianchi, J. M., & Hofmann, S. G. (2026) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440261425401 · Cited by 1
“These results align with Visted et al.’s (2018) systematic review and meta-analysis, which concluded that despite improvements in reported emotional symptoms, difficulties in emotion regulation persisted, posing a risk for future relapses, suggesting a complex relationship between emotion…”
Regulating Affect Through Prohedonic Goals in Major Depressive Disorder: An Experience Sampling Study
Pacheco-Romero, A. M., Zetsche, U., Neumann, P., Sánchez-López, Á., Vázquez, C., Koster, E. H. W., & Hoorelbeke, K. (2026) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2026.03.004 · Cited by 1
The Transdiagnostic Role of Emotion Regulation Difficulties and Repetitive Negative Thinking in Depression, Anxiety, and Their Comorbidity
Herzog, E., Wolf, S., Studnitz, T., Frei, A. K., Seiffer, B., Welkerling, J., Zeibig, J., Sudeck, G., Müller, C., Günak, M. M., et al. (2026) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/da/9949037 · Cited by 1
Working With Emotions in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Depression: A Qualitative Study of Patients' Experiences of Emotional Engagement, Avoidance and Change
Sahlin, H., Gustafsson, U., Eklund, J. H., & Salomonsson, S. (2026) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.70149 · Cited by 1
Emotion Talk in Psychotherapy: A Systematic Review of Conversation Analytic Studies
Zhang, S., Huang, T., Li, H., & Chen, L. (2026) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.70297 · Cited by 2
Effects of Inappropriate Nurturing Experiences, Depressive Rumination, and Trait Anxiety on Depressive Symptoms
Usui, Y., Ono, M., Nibuya, R., Kikkawa, M., Ito, S., Morishita, C., Honyashiki, M., Tamada, Y., Inoue, T., & Masuya, J. (2024) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s469417 · Cited by 1
The relationship between chronic disease and depressive symptoms in Chinese adolescents: emotion regulation as a moderator
Zhang, M., Huang, N., Hu, B., Chen, C., & Guo, J. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06696-w · Cited by 1
“However, research has also shown that the interaction of reappraisal and chronic disease had statistically insignificant effect sizes (Visted et al., 2018).”
Dyadic examination of rumination and depressive symptoms in Chinese heterogeneous young couples: the differential role of gender
Liu, X., Zhou, A., Jin, Z., Han, Z. R., Qian, J., & Wang, H. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1447040 · Cited by 1
Complex posttraumatic stress disorder in treatment-seeking refugees: the role of trauma history, post-migration stressors and comorbid symptoms
Steil, R., Preiss, H., Rueger, M. S., Ehring, T. W., Nexhmedin Morina, B., Kuck, S., Mewes, R., Giesebrecht, J., Johow, J., Weise, C., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2538264 · Cited by 1
“A systematic meta-analysis has found limited emotion regulation abilities in patients with depression (Visted et al., 2018).”
Implementing a Trauma-Informed Intervention in a County Jail: Feasibility Study of STAIR
Renn, T., Herod, L., Tripodi, S. J., & Bedard, L. E. (2025) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/10497315251367332 · Cited by 1
“Inability to regulate emotions further exacerbates the challenges faced by incarcerated individuals with mental health challenges, such as depression or anxiety (Visted et al., 2018).”
Associations Between Cognitive Functions and Subsequent Mood Disorder Prognosis in Low‐Risk, High‐Risk and Affected Monozygotic Twins: A Seven‐Year Follow‐Up Study
Miskowiak, K. W., Kjærstad, H. L., Lystlund, S., Sankar, A., Kessing, L. V., & Vinberg, M. (2025) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.70025 · Cited by 1
“Indeed, avoidance is considered a maladaptive emotion regulation strategy associated with poor long-term mental B D t y p e II , n health and depressive symptoms [19].”
Toplumsal Cinsiyet, Duygu Düzenleme Güçlüğü ve Psikolojik Belirtiler Arası İlişkide Benlik Kurgularının Rolü
Bayraktarlı, E., & Kılıç, N. (2022) · Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.7816/nesne-10-25-08 · Cited by 4
Binge Eating Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder
Fu, K. (2021) · Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research/Advances in social science, education and humanities research · doi:10.2991/assehr.k.210617.060
Autobiographical Script-Driven Imagery Has No Detectable Effect on Emotion Regulation in Healthy Individuals
Köhler, S., Weilnhammer, V. A., Walter, H., Erk, S., Sterzer, P., & Guhn, A. (2021) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000518996
Down-regulation of tinnitus negative valence through concurrent HD-tDCS and positive emotion induction: effects on neural and behavioral correlates
Vazirikangolya, Z. (2022) · doi:10.11606/t.17.2022.tde-09092022-090848
Assessing therapeutic response to methylphenidate among children and adolescents with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Narrative Review of its effects on emotional regulation, executive functions, and quality of lifePreprint
Saveliev, I., & Shahar, N. (2022) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ctp6y
Interventions for major depressive disorder: the role of automatic emotion regulation
Qu, J., Campanella, S., & Yuan, J. (2023) · Stress and Brain · doi:10.26599/sab.2022.9060030
Webinar Kesehatan Mental “Menghadapi Quarter Life Crisis” Sebagai Upaya Meningkatkan Mental Health Awareness pada Remaja
Rahmatullah, B. (2022) · COMSERVA Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat · doi:10.59141/comserva.v2i08.463
Comparison of the Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Schema Therapy on Cognitive Emotion Regulation in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder
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Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Intervention on Emotional Regulation and Suicidal Ideation among Depressed Patients
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Michel, C. A., Schmidt, M. F., Mann, J. J., Herzog, S., Ochsner, K. N., Davachi, L., & Schneck, N. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4298308/v1
Emotion Regulation and Attachment as Mechanisms of Change in Schema Therapy and Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for DepressionPreprint
Egli, S., Badenbach, T., van Emmerik, A., Stefan, A. M., & Kopf‐Beck, J. (2024) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/67vhn
Emotion regulation in older nursing home residents with and without depression and younger comparison samples
Nagel, L. C., Cavallini, A. Q., Tesky, V. A., Schall, A., Katerinis, K. C., Meidinger, C., Arens, E. A., & Stangier, U. (2024) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2024.07.014 · Cited by 1
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Kovács, L. N. (2023) · Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem · doi:10.15476/elte.2022.072
A Study of Psychometric Properties of Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale – Thai Version among Thai Population
Sumalrot, T., Ngamseesan, J., & Pattanaseri, K. (2024) · Siriraj Medical Journal/San Sirirat · doi:10.33192/smj.v76i9.269285
Internalizing symptoms and affective vulnerability among heterosexual and sexual minority young adults
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Other Psychiatric Comorbidities and Borderline Personality Disorder
Salavati, M., & Selby, E. A. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-75503-3_16
Adapting a Strategy-Based Measure of Behavioral Emotion Regulation: An Exploration of Links with Psychopathology from a Network Perspective
Priego-Ojeda, M., Ursu, A., Blanch, À., & Guiu, G. F. (2025) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2025.2496258 · Cited by 1
“The relationship between emotion regulation strategies and psychopathology have been explored and supported by past research (Aldao et al., 2010; Everaert & Joormann, 2019; Garnefski & Kraaij, 2006b; Gross & Jazaieri, 2014; Liu & Thompson, 2017; Visted et al., 2018).”
The association between depressive symptoms and emotional recovery after failure: Considering the role of emotional clarity
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Torre, J. M., Pavani, J., & Dauvier, B. (2025) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2025.113359
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Evaluating the Barcelona Music Reward Questionnaire and semantic differential profile scale for adults with major depressive disorder and suicidal ideation
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“This aligns with findings that individuals with depression have a diminished hedonic capacity, suggesting a persistent deficit in experiencing pleasure [28,29].”
Characteristics differentiating near-term multiple, distal multiple, and single suicide attempters during the 12-months post-discharge from the emergency department
Knorr, A. C., Wallace, G. T., Schatten, H. T., Prince, M. A., Boudreaux, E. D., Miller, I. W., Camargo, C. A., Conner, B. T., & Arias, S. A. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.10.007
“Research underscores the role of emotion dysregulation in depression (Joormann and Stanton, 2016; Visted et al., 2018), NSSI (Knorr et al., 2019; Wolff et al., 2019; Zielinski et al., 2018), and suicide risk (Rogante et al., 2024; Turton et al., 2021).”
THE EMOTIONAL PATHWAY FROM PERSONALITY TRAITS TO ALEXITHYMIA: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF EMOTION REGULATION
Köten, E. (2025) · Kafkas Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi · doi:10.56597/kausbed.1717162
Brain network centrality following stress in adults with major depressive disorder and childhood trauma
Broeder, C., Pasteuning, J., Broeders, T. A. A., Linsen, F., Schoonheim, M. M., Sep, M. S. C., & Vinkers, C. H. (2026) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2026.100817
“…functional disturbances in emotion regulation and cognitive processing (Dotson et al., 2020; Gruhn et al., 2020; Masson et al., 2016; Nagy et al., 2021; Visted et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2024), which can both be disrupted under stress (Langer et al., 2025; Shields et al., 2016; Wessa et al., 2024).”
Additional file 1 of Primary emotions as predictors for fear of COVID-19 in former inpatients with Major Depressive Disorder and healthy control participants
Sanwald, S., Widenhorn‐Müller, K., Montag, C., & Kiefer, M. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19144947
Additional file 1 of The impact of traumatic childhood experiences on interoception: disregarding one’s own body
Schmitz, M., Back, S. N., Seitz, K. I., Harbrecht, N. K., Streckert, L., Schulz, A., Herpertz, S. C., & Bertsch, K. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26568196
Additional file 1 of Psychometric properties of the Norwegian version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) in a large female sample of adults with and without eating disorders
Wisting, L., Johnson, S. U., Bulik, C. M., Andreassen, O. A., Rø, Ø., & Bang, L. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13524867
Self-regulatory contributions to depressive symptoms in a community sample of youth
Abraham, E. H., & McAuley, T. (2025) · Personalized Medicine in Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pmip.2025.100163
Additional file 1 of Self-concept mediates the relationships between childhood traumatic experiences and adolescent depression in both clinical and community samples
Hu, Y., Yang, Y., He, Z., Wang, D., Xu, F., Zhu, X., & Wang, K. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25485830
Ego Strengthening Through Positive Psychotherapy: A Qualitative Six-Month Follow-Up of Young Adults with Subthreshold Depression
Bırni, G., & Eryılmaz, A. (2025) · European Journal of Psychology and Educational Research · doi:10.12973/ejper.8.4.277

Authors: Visted, E., Vøllestad, J., Nielsen, M. B., & Schanche, E.
Affiliations: Haukeland University Hospital (NO)
University of Bergen (NO)
National Institute of Occupational Health (NO)
Corresponding author: Visted, Endre
ORCID: Visted, Endre
Vøllestad, Jon
Nielsen, Morten Birkeland
Schanche, Elisabeth
Venue: Frontiers in Psychology
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Published: 2018-05-18
Volume: 9
Pages: 756-756
ISSN: 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00756
PMC: PMC5968125
OpenAlex: W2800418807
Cited by: 337
References: 122
Citations by year: 2026: 54 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 6
FWCI: 3.74
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (unspecified)
Locations: Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: L. Meltzers Høyskolefond (7183, 16545)
Universitetet i Bergen
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: emotion regulation, major depressive disorder, remitted depression, maladaptive emotion regulation, rumination, avoidance, emotional suppression, cognitive reappraisal, acceptance, alexithymia, emotional awareness, emotional clarity, emotional tolerance, relapse risk, anxiety comorbidity, remission duration

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Emotion Regulation in Current and Remitted Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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