The effects of occupational status and sex-typed jobs on the evaluation of men and women
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Background: Occupational segregation by gender is one of the major problems faced by professional women in the labour market. Since the sixties, psychological explanations point out that gender stereotypes are responsible for this persistent inequality in the workforce. Nevertheless, most of research has overlooked that emotions are particularly important as the discrimination faced by professional women is better explained by the ambivalent feelings they provoke than by stereotyping. Aim: The aim of this research is to analyse from the Stereotype Content Model (SCM, Fiske et al., 2002) and the Behaviours from Intergroup Affect and Stereotypes (BIAS) Map (Cuddy et al., 2007) whether cognitive, affective and behavioural components of prejudice act jointly to explain gender segregation in the labour market. Method: 1098 Spanish workers (59% women) from different occupational sectors were requested to rate how professional men and women in high (leaders) and low status (secretaries) positions who work in male (high-tech company) and female-dominated (health company) occupations are perceived (stereotypes), as well as the affective responses and the behavioural tendencies that they arouse. Data analyses: Two analyses of variance (a) and two ANOVAs with repeated measures (b) were carried out to analyze the effect of occupational status (high vs. low), type of company (high-tech vs. health) and workers’ sex (men vs. women) on: (a) the social structural variables (status and competition), (b) on the stereotyped dimensions (competence and warmth) and (c) on emotions (admiration, envy and contempt). Finally, mediational analyses were carried out to examine the link between stereotypes, emotions and behavioural tendencies. Results: The most striking results show that a) competition and status differentiate leaders and secretaries, b) men leaders are rated as more competent and less warm than secretaries, whereas women leaders are viewed as more competent than women secretaries but with equivalent warmth, and c) admiration and envy predict behavioural tendencies, but restricted to professional men regardless of organizational context. Conclusion: Results reveal that cognitive, affective and behavioural components of prejudice act jointly to explain discrimination against women in the workplace. Findings are discussed according to the SCM and the BIAS Map.
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Stereotypes can have profound effects on women's self-esteem, expectations, interests, capabilities and motivations, to the point where they may voluntarily renounce certain pursuits, opting instead for occupations identified with their traditional roles.
“Stereotypes can have profound effects on women's self-esteem, expectations, interests, capabilities and motivations, to the point where they may voluntarily renounce certain pursuits, opting instead for occupations identified with their traditional roles (Barberá et al., 2008; García-Ael et al., 2018; Kim et al., 2018; Lerchenmueller et al., 2019).”
From The influence of school textbooks on the configuration of gender identity: A study on the unequal representation of women and men in the school discourse during the Spanish democracy (2022) · cites this paper as García-Ael et al., 2018
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- Authors
- García-Ael, C., Cuadrado, I., & Molero, F.
- Affiliations
- University of Almería (ES)
- Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (ES)
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2018-07-12
- Volume
- 9
- Pages
- 1170-1170
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6052118
- OpenAlex
- W2817653215
- Cited by
- 16
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 3.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Diversity and Inequality
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Names, Identity, and Discrimination Research
- Keywords
- occupational gender segregation, gender stereotypes, professional women, employment discrimination, occupational status, admiration, envy, contempt, BIAS map, stereotype content model, warmth and competence, high-tech enterprises, medical corporations
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