Cited by 281Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesMindfulness and Compassion Interventions

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Cognitive Control and Flexibility in the Context of Stress and Depressive Symptoms: The Cognitive Control and Flexibility Questionnaire

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Gabrys, Robert L., Tabri, Nassim, Anisman, Hymie, Matheson, Kimberly·2018·Frontiers in Psychology

DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02219PMC PMC6252356

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Abstract

Cognitive control and (cognitive) flexibility play an important role in the ability to adapt to continuously changing environments. In addition to facilitating goal-directed behaviors, cognitive control and flexibility have been implicated in emotion regulation, and disturbances of these abilities were observed in mood and anxiety disorders. The reported studies examined the processes related to cognitive control and flexibility, emotional regulation and depressive symptoms, within the context of stressful experiences. To this end, a brief (18-item) self-report measure - the Cognitive Control and Flexibility Questionnaire (CCFQ) - was developed. This questionnaire measures the extent to which an individual is capable of exerting control over intrusive, unwanted (negative) thoughts and emotions in order to flexibly adapt and cope with a stressful situation. In Study 1, the CCFQ was assessed among both university students (N = 300) and a community sample (N = 302). Preliminary analyses suggested a stable and reliable two-factor structure, that of cognitive control over emotion, and appraisal and coping flexibility. Scores on the CCFQ were strongly associated with greater depressive symptoms, even after controlling for other measures that had been taken to reflect cognitive control and (in)flexibility (e.g., the Ruminative Response Scale; Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire). In Study 2 (N = 368), lower scores on the CCFQ were related to more negative stressor appraisals (i.e., greater perceived threat and uncontrollability) of a personally meaningful stressful event. Perceptions of threat and uncontrollability, in turn, partially accounted for the association between CCFQ subscale scores and depressive symptoms. The relation between lower CCFQ scores and heightened depressive symptoms was also partially accounted for by less frequent engagement in problem-focused coping and more use of emotion-focused methods. In Study 3 (N = 47 females), lower scores on the cognitive control over emotion component of the CCFQ predicted elevated negative affect and an exacerbated cortisol response following an acute psychosocial stressor (Trier Social Stress Test). The present research points to the CCFQ as a useful self-report tool to identify ways through which cognitive control and flexibility might be manifested in stressful situations, and how reductions in flexibility might be accompanied by elevated symptoms of depression.

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“The alternatives facet involves the ability to perceive multiple differing explanations for human behaviour whereas the control facet is thought to measure the inclination to construe difficult situations as controllable (Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010; Gabrys et al., 2018).”
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“Greater cognitive flexibility might be associated with the use of more adaptive coping strategies (Gabrys et al., 2018).”
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“That is, individuals who consider themselves more adaptable might perceive relatively new technologies (such as smartphones or tablets) as less threatening and more controllable 15,21,41 .”
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“In this recent work Gabrys et al. (2018) conceptualized cognitive control as paying attention towards pertinent task as hand, while sieving out the irrelevant ones.”
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“We expect cognitive flexibility will lead to increased feelings of well-being since it allows individuals to cope with the problems of changing the environment, regulate their emotions and experience more positive emotions (Gabrys et al., 2018; Wilson, Nusbaum, Whitney, Hinson, & 2018).”
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“Researchers have proposed a relationship between flexible thinking and depressive symptoms, such that greater cognitive flexibility may be associated with the “endorsement of more effective coping strategies” (Gabrys et al., 2018).”
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“…the mediating effect of cognitive flexibility between H-SCE and depression symptom among urban vocational college students, (C) the mediating effect of cognitive flexibility between H-SCE and depression symptom among rural vocational college students. and depressive symptom (Gabrys et al., 2018).”
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“…on days when individuals constructively ponder about work problems more than usual, they should be more likely to see how their reflections are relevant (have the necessary cognitive flexibility; Gabrys et al., 2018) and can apply those to the family role, thus improving WFE in the evening.”
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“…is often present in IBTs) is thought to slow down cognitive flexibility, (Jiang and Rau, 2017) meaning they may struggle to adapt to new situations (that travel typically presents), lose perceived control over their abilities and be prone to negative thoughts and emotions (Gabrys et al., 2018).”
Background
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“Cognitive flexibility is a key component of executive functioning, lack of which has been suggested and initially proved as a risk factor for psychological distress including depression and anxiety [27, 48–51].”
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“Cognitive flexibility, the ability to adapt one ’ s thinking in response to new or unexpected events, is a fundamental component of healthy psychological functioning (Gabrys et al., 2018).”
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“(28) to evaluate the perceived ability of a person to exercise control over Table 1: Sociodemographic characteristics of the participants (n=674)”
BackgroundInfluential
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Authors: Gabrys, R. L., Tabri, N., Anisman, H., & Matheson, K.
Affiliations: Carleton University (CA)
Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre (CA)
Corresponding author: Gabrys, Robert L.
ORCID: Gabrys, Robert L.
Tabri, Nassim
Matheson, Kimberly
Venue: Frontiers in Psychology
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Published: 2018-11-19
Volume: 9
Pages: 2219-2219
ISSN: 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02219
PMC: PMC6252356
OpenAlex: W2901368915
Cited by: 281
References: 97
Citations by year: 2026: 43 · 2025: 52 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 7
FWCI: 20.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (unspecified)
Locations: Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (9180)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Keywords: cognitive control, cognitive flexibility, depressive symptoms, stress, emotion regulation, coping flexibility, stress appraisal, threat perception, problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping, rumination, perseverative thinking, cortisol response, negative affect, Trier Social Stress Test, self-report measure development

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Cognitive Control and Flexibility in the Context of Stress and Depressive Symptoms: The Cognitive Control and Flexibility Questionnaire

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