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Effects of Self-Compassion Training on Work-Related Well-Being: A Systematic Review
Open accessAbstract
Self-compassion, sharing some commonalities with positive psychology 2.0 approaches, is associated with better mental health outcomes in diverse populations, including workers. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there is heightened awareness of the importance of self-care for fostering mental health at work. However, evidence regarding the applications of self-compassion interventions in work-related contexts has not been systematically reviewed to date. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to synthesize and evaluate the utility of self-compassion interventions targeting work-related well-being, as well as assess the methodological quality of relevant studies. Eligible articles were identified from research databases including ProQuest, PsycINFO, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. The quality of non-randomized trials and randomized controlled trials was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and the Quality Assessment Table, respectively. The literature search yielded 3,387 titles from which ten studies met the inclusion criteria. All ten studies reported promising effects of self-compassion training for work-related well-being. The methodological quality of these studies was medium. All ten studies recruited workers in a caring field and were mostly conducted in Western countries. The Self-Compassion Scale or its short-form was used in almost all instances. Findings indicate that self-compassion training can improve self-compassion and other work-related well-being outcomes in working populations. However, in general, there is need for greater methodological quality in work-related self-compassion intervention studies to advance understanding regarding the applications and limitations of this technique in work contexts. Furthermore, future studies should focus on a broader range of employee groups, including non-caring professions as well as individuals working in non-Western countries.
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“…reducing depression, anxiety and stress, and increasing compassion, mindfulness and prosocial behaviour (Kirby et al., 2017; Kirby & Gilbert, 2017; Kotera & Van Gordon, 2021), our first aim was to develop and deliver a child-friendly schools-based CMT intervention, grounded on an already accepted…”
Beyond empathy training for practitioners: Cultivating empathic healthcare systems and leadership
Howick, J., de Zulueta, P., & Gray, M. (2024) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/jep.13970 · Cited by 25
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“In sum, intrinsic motivation, self-compassion and resilience are wellbeing constructs, associated with good mental health in many populations [40].”
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Kotera, Y., Asano, K., Kotera, H., Ohshima, R., & Rushforth, A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191710497 · Cited by 25
“Likewise, a systematic review synthesizing the evidence for the organizational application of self-compassion reported that self-compassion helped reduce workplace mental distress [29].”
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“Self-compassion has been receiving increasing attention in research and practice, as it has been identified as a protective factor for mental health (Kotera & Van Gordon, 2021).”
Self-citationThe Effects of Zentangle ® on Affective Well-Being Among Adults: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
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“Self-compassion, as a form of self-love, is associated with many positive outcomes including better mental health and ethical judgement (Kotera, Conway, et al., 2019; Kotera & Van Gordon, 2021; Zessin et al., 2015).”
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Self-citationThe Link between Mindfulness and Self-Compassion: A Meta-Analysis
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“Additionally, several Asian countries appear to have a different perspective on SC, which should be examined further (Kotera & van Gordon, 2021).”
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“Studies show that self-compassion training can enhance mental resilience and improve self-compassion and other work-related well-being outcomes in diverse communities (S. Aledeh et al., 2024; Kotera & van Gordon, 2021; Pandey et al., 2021; Tiwari et al., 2020).”
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“A lot of research has shown the positive impact of self-compassion interventions on mental health and well-being, as reviewed in Kotera and Van Gordon (2021).”
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“…self-compassion has been associated with lower levels of psychopathology (Mac-Beth & Gumley, 2012; Pinto-Gouveia et al., 2014), enhanced well-being (Kotera & Van Gordon, 2021; Zessin et al., 2015), and related to attachment style in terms of developing the capacity for caring motives (Brophy et…”
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Self-citationEditorial: Compassion: from neuroscience to new horizons and innovative, inclusive research agendas
Waddington, K., Manley, J., Edginton, T. L., & Kanov, J. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1324381 · Cited by 3
Kishimoto, K., Asano, K., Colman, R. D., Kameo, Y., Aledeh, M., Barnes, K., & Kotera, Y. (2024) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2024.2313462 · Cited by 2
“For example, compassion research has been attracting attention in mental health research globally, including in Japan (Asano et al., 2020; Kotera & Van Gordon, 2021; Kotera, Asano, et al., 2022).”
Self-citationWeerasekara, N., & Kariyapperuma, S. K. (2025) · Social Responsibility Journal · doi:10.1108/srj-03-2025-0209 · Cited by 2
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Cross-cultural perspectives on mental health shame among male workers
Kotera, Y., Jackson, J. E., Aledeh, M., Edwards, A., Veasey, C. M., Barnes, K., Komorowska, M. A., Adam, H., & Kirkman, A. (2023) · Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.22514/jomh.2023.018 · Cited by 6
Self-citationBreast Cancer Understanding Among University Students: A Rapid Review of Cross-country Comparisons
Colman, R. D., Kirkman, A., Jackson, J. E., Golbourn, L.-M., Ozaki, A., & Kotera, Y. (2023) · Archives of Breast Cancer · doi:10.32768/abc.2023102114-123 · Cited by 2
Self-citationTavares, L., Vagos, P., Cunha, M. I. V. A., & Xavier, A. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02441-3 · Cited by 2
“Moreover, the literature has demonstrated the benefits of fostering self-compassion in different settings (e.g., work-related well-being, Kotera & Van Gordon, 2021; mental health professionals, Crego et al., 2022) and in relation to specific mental health conditions (e.g., suicidal thoughts and…”
Work-related well-being in early career: A role of self-compassion
Krejčová, K., Krejčí, I., Chýlová, H., Rymešová, P., & Michálek, P. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e41377 · Cited by 2
Self-Compassion and Spiritual Well-Being Among Employees in Educational Institutions
Tandukar, R., Shah, N. K., & Adhikari, B. (2024) · Interdisciplinary Journal of Innovation in Nepalese Academia · doi:10.3126/idjina.v3i2.73213 · Cited by 2
Communication in dentistry: application of Neuro-Linguistic Programming to reduce patients’ anxiety
Adams, L., Martínez-Rives, N. L., Edwards, A., Komorowska, M. A., & Kotera, Y. (2023) · International Journal of Spa and Wellness · doi:10.1080/24721735.2023.2204545 · Cited by 2
“Certain behaviours were found to improve the patient’s perception of empathy: recognising the patient’s non-verbal cues of emotions, eye contact, kind tone of voice, and sitting as opposed to standing over the patient during a consultation (Kotera & Van Gordon, 2021).”
BackgroundSelf-citationWork Well-Being During COVID-19: A Survey of Canadian Early Childhood Education and Care Managers
Bigras, N., Fortin, G., Lemay, L., Robert-Mazaye, C., Charron, A., & Duval, S. (2022) · Educating the young child · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-96977-6_8 · Cited by 2
Self-Compassion and Personal Resources in Workers during the Pandemic: A Multidisciplinary View
Palermo, S., Grandi, A., Martoni, M., Giannandrea, A., Sist, L., Zito, M., Russo, V., & Colombo, L. (2022) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.108278 · Cited by 1
Yeshua, M., & Zohar, A. H. (2023) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12676 · Cited by 1
Promoting Workplace Mental Health for Hospital Social Workers Using Compassionate Mind Training
Tay, P. L., Kerk, E. L., Lau, M. M., & Goh, S. N. (2024) · OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.21926/obm.icm.2404064 · Cited by 1
Effects on psychological well-being of a self-compassion training program in student nurses
Carmona-Gutiérrez, A., Fernández, M. D. R., Ortega‐Galán, Á. M., Henríquez, D., & Castillo-Mansilla, D. (2025) · Teaching and learning in nursing · doi:10.1016/j.teln.2025.04.026 · Cited by 1
Voyer, C., Corbière, M., Villotti, P., Stamate, A. N., & Sauvé, G. (2025) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2025.107997 · Cited by 1
Mann, A., Fainstad, T. L., Sullivan, I., Ritz, E. M., SooHoo, J. R., Mechaber, H. F., & Shah, A. N. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0328546 · Cited by 6
“[45–47] We also found a statistically significant, though modest improvement in flourishing.”
Kotera, Y., Wilkes, J., & Colman, R. D. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009407427.013 · Cited by 1
Self-citationTakahashi, E., Fukuda, R., Takahashi, T., & Katsuragawa, T. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0334753 · Cited by 1
“This finding aligns with a meta-analysis that demonstrated a link between self-compassion and well-being [16].”
InfluentialValidation of the Workplace Compassion Scale for the Portuguese Population
Martins, F. J., Bártolo, A., Palmeira, L., & Matos, M. (2025) · Psychological Test Adaptation and Development · doi:10.1027/2698-1866/a000113 · Cited by 1
Using mobile apps to improve mental health (literature review)
Грибкова, И. В. (2025) · Health Care of the Russian Federation · doi:10.47470/0044-197x-2025-69-6-561-566 · Cited by 1
Lazzari, C. G., Crawford, P., & Kotera, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1704798 · Cited by 4
Self-citationThe Impact of Compassion in Multicultural, Multifaith Communities, and Workplace Environments
Lazzari, C. G., & Kotera, Y. (2026) · Advances in mental health and addiction · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-12438-8_2 · Cited by 1
Self-citationDeylampasha, M., Jafari, H., Ahmadzadeh-Zeidi, M. J., Nia, H. S., & Shafipour, V. (2026) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-026-04747-0 · Cited by 1
“Evidence shows that self-kindness strengthens overall self-compassion, life satisfaction, and resilience, providing an emotional safe space, reducing guilt or inadequacy, and supporting nurses’ professional quality of life and performance [49, 50].”
Niazi, M., Sefat, F. F. M., & Meshgi, S. (2022) · Journal of Health and Care · doi:10.52547/jhc.23.4.289 · Cited by 2
Ueki, S., Kaneda, Y., Ozaki, A., Kotera, Y., Tanimoto, T. E., Omoto, Y., Kurosaki, K., Yamazaki, H., Yoshida, T., Mizoue, N., et al. (2024) · SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine · doi:10.1007/s42399-024-01722-1 · Cited by 1
“Still, mental health issues are significant concerns, and self-administered mental health interventions, such as mindfulness practices and self-compassion techniques, could prove beneficial in maintaining optimal psychological well-being [26, 27].”
Self-citationA Commentary on Thomas et al. (2024): Band-Aids on Bullet Wounds
Beekman, E. M., & Adiasto, K. (2025) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/10596011241312452 · Cited by 1
“This heterogeneity suggests that the effects of mental health offerings are likely to differ across contexts, such as work characteristics (Tarro et al., 2020), industry sector (Kotera & Van Gordon, 2021), or employee cultural background (Kotera et al., 2020).”
Designing Microlearning Programmes for Centennials Taste
Fabiani, M., & Pastore, P. (2023) · Community Notebook People Education and Welfare in the Society 5 0 · doi:10.61007/qdc.2023.2.133 · Cited by 1
Charitidou, A. (2024) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/vd9bc · Cited by 2
Self-compassion is linked to positive affect and buffers declines in self-esteem in low performersPreprint
Weis, J. F., Krach, S., Paulus, F. M., & Stolz, D. S. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.11.11.687618 · Cited by 1
الشفقة بالذات القائمة على المعرفة كمدخل لخفض إعاقة الذات الأكادیمیة والتسویف الأكادیمی لطلاب الجامعة
منتصر, غ. ع. ا. ع. ا. (2023) · المجلة المصرية للدراسات النفسية · doi:10.21608/ejcj.2023.295077
Peña-Muñante, G. S. (2023) · APUNTES DE PSICOLOGÍA · doi:10.55414/ap.v41i2.1540
Well-Being at Work and Sustainability in Public Services: Brazilian University Case
Borges, R. R., Dinis, M. A. P., & Barros, N. A. (2023) · Implementing the UN sustainable development goals - regional perspectives · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-91188-1_10-1
Well-Being at Work and Sustainability in Public Services: Brazilian University Case
Borges, R. R., Dinis, M. A. P., & Barros, N. A. (2023) · Implementing the UN sustainable development goals - regional perspectives · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-16017-2_10
المكاوي, م. ر. إ., & السعود, ش. م. ا. أ. (2023) · مجلة كلية التربية جامعة بنها · doi:10.21608/jfeb.2023.241562.1770
Grundlagen des Selbstmitgefühls
Jansen, P. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-67840-4_2
Metadata
- Authors
- Kotera, Y., & Van Gordon, W.
- Affiliations
- University of Derby (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Kotera, Yasuhiro
- ORCID
- Kotera, Yasuhiro
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2021-04-23
- Volume
- 12
- Pages
- 630798-630798
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8102699
- OpenAlex
- W3159166417
- Cited by
- 127
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 4
- FWCI
- 2.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Derby Online Research Archive. (University of Derby) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Workplace Health and Well-being
- Keywords
- self-compassion training, work-related well-being, employee mental health, self-compassion interventions, positive psychology interventions, caring professions, Self-Compassion Scale
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