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Cited by 20Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchGenetics and Neurodevelopmental DisordersFunctional Brain Connectivity Studies

Heterogeneity and convergence across seven neuroimaging modalities: A review of the autism spectrum disorder literature

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Halliday, Amanda R., Vucic, Samuel N., Georges, Brianna, LaRoche, Madison, Mendoza Pardo, María Alejandra, Swiggard, Liam O., McDonald, Kaylee, Olofsson, Michelle +5 more·2024·Frontiers in Psychiatry
DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1474003PMC PMC11521827
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Abstract

Background: A growing body of literature classifies autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as a heterogeneous, complex neurodevelopmental disorder that often is identified prior to three years of age. We aim to provide a narrative review of key structural and functional properties that differentiate the neuroimaging profile of autistic youth from their typically developing (TD) peers across different neuroimaging modalities. Methods: Relevant studies were identified by searching for key terms in PubMed, with the most recent search conducted on September 1, 2023. Original research papers were included if they applied at least one of seven neuroimaging modalities (structural MRI, functional MRI, DTI, MRS, fNIRS, MEG, EEG) to compare autistic children or those with a family history of ASD to TD youth or those without ASD family history; included only participants <18 years; and were published from 2013 to 2023. Results: In total, 172 papers were considered for qualitative synthesis. When comparing ASD to TD groups, structural MRI-based papers (n = 26) indicated larger subcortical gray matter volume in ASD groups. DTI-based papers (n = 14) reported higher mean and radial diffusivity in ASD participants. Functional MRI-based papers (n = 41) reported a substantial number of between-network functional connectivity findings in both directions. MRS-based papers (n = 19) demonstrated higher metabolite markers of excitatory neurotransmission and lower inhibitory markers in ASD groups. fNIRS-based papers (n = 20) reported lower oxygenated hemoglobin signals in ASD. Converging findings in MEG- (n = 20) and EEG-based (n = 32) papers indicated lower event-related potential and field amplitudes in ASD groups. Findings in the anterior cingulate cortex, insula, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, thalamus, cerebellum, corpus callosum, and default mode network appeared numerous times across modalities and provided opportunities for multimodal qualitative analysis. Conclusions: Comparing across neuroimaging modalities, we found significant differences between the ASD and TD neuroimaging profile in addition to substantial heterogeneity. Inconsistent results are frequently seen within imaging modalities, comparable study populations and research designs. Still, converging patterns across imaging modalities support various existing theories on ASD.

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  • Recent reviews emphasize marked heterogeneity across ages, tracts, clinical profiles, and analytical approaches; diffusion MRI currently informs developmental mechanisms and stratification rather than individual diagnosis.

    “Recent reviews nevertheless emphasize marked heterogeneity across ages, tracts, clinical profiles, and analytical approaches; diffusion MRI, therefore, currently informs developmental mechanisms and stratification rather than individual diagnosis (Halliday et al., 2024).”

    From 40 Years of diffusion MRI in the brain: From history to emerging frontiers (2026) · cites this paper as Halliday et al., 2024

    The Introduction and Discussion (Within-modality findings) describe variation in age, clinical profiles, and analytical methods; the Results report mixed DTI findings across white-matter measures and tracts. The Discussion (Region-specific findings) says neuroimaging findings are insufficient for an ASD diagnosis, and the Conclusion presents multimodal imaging as promising for understanding neurodevelopment. The paper does not specifically establish that diffusion MRI currently supports stratification, so that part of the claim goes beyond the source. (LLM, conf=0.84)

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Authors
Halliday, A. R., Vucic, S. N., Georges, B., LaRoche, M., Mendoza Pardo, M. A., Swiggard, L. O., McDonald, K., Olofsson, M., Menon, S. N., Francis, S. M., Oberman, L. M., White, T., & van der Velpen, I. F.
Affiliations
National Institutes of Health (US)
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Psychiatry
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2024-10-16
Volume
15
Pages
1474003-1474003
ISSN
1664-0640 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1474003
PMC
PMC11521827
OpenAlex
W4403476179
Cited by
20
References
310
Citations by year
2026: 15 · 2025: 5
FWCI
1.29
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
National Institute of Mental Health (ZIAMH002986-01)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
Keywords
autism spectrum disorder, multimodal neuroimaging, structural MRI, functional MRI, diffusion tensor imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, functional near-infrared spectroscopy, magnetoencephalography, EEG, gray matter volume, functional connectivity, brain metabolites, event-related potentials, default mode network, autistic youth

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