The DOI matches its Crossref record; 62 of the 62 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Left temporal lobe structural and functional abnormality underlying auditory hallucinations
Open accessAbstract
In this article, we have reviewed recent findings from our laboratory, originally presented in Hugdahl et al. (2008). These findings reveal that auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia should best be conceptualized as internally generated speech mis-representations lateralized to the left superior temporal gyrus and sulcus, not cognitively suppressed due to enhanced attention to the 'voices' and failure of fronto-parietal executive control functions. An overview of diagnostic questionnaires for scoring of symptoms is presented together with a review of behavioral, structural, and functional MRI data. Functional imaging data have either shown increased or decreased activation depending on whether patients have been presented an external stimulus during scanning. Structural imaging data have shown reduction of grey matter density and volume in the same areas in the temporal lobe. We have proposed a model for the understanding of auditory hallucinations that trace the origin of auditory hallucinations to neuronal abnormality in the speech areas in the left temporal lobe, which is not suppressed by volitional cognitive control processes, due to dysfunctional fronto-parietal executive cortical networks.
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“In addition, evidence supports the hypothesis that hallucinations arise from release of those sensory signals by reduced top-down inhibition from higher-order centers such as frontal areas and their connections with the thalamus. 40-43”
From Towards an Integrative Account of Potential Mechanisms Mediating the Path From Sleep Dysfunction to Hallucinations (2025) · cites this paper as [40]
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Cites
The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia.
Kay, S. R., Fiszbein, A., & Opler, L. A. (1987) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/13.2.261 · Cited by 21,378 · cited 3×
“…and duration of hallucinations are typically scored from symptom scales like the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS; Ventura et al., 1993), the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS; Kay et al., 1987) and Scales for Assessment of Negative and Positive Symptoms (SANS/SAPS; Andreasen, 1990).”
MethodSpontaneous fluctuations in brain activity observed with functional magnetic resonance imaging
Fox, M. D., & Raichle, M. E. (2007) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2201 · Cited by 6,700 · cited 2×
“neuropsycHological (DicHotic listening) stuDies In a neuropsychological study on auditory hallucinations, Green et al. (1994) used a simple dichotic listening procedure with pair-wise presentations of consonant–vowel (CV) syllables, and found that hallucinating patients failed to show a significant right ear advantage…”
BackgroundMethodThe cortical organization of speech processing
Hickok, G., & Poeppel, D. (2007) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2113 · Cited by 5,495 · cited 4×
“…pathways for speech sound perception are quite well mapped out, not the least from recent functional neuroimaging studies (Binder and Price, 2001; Hickok and Poeppel, 2007; Hugdahl et al., 1999), it can be assumed that auditory hallucinations have their neuronal, or ‘internal’, origin in the…”
BackgroundInfluentialGlutamate receptor dysfunction and schizophrenia
Olney, J. W. (1995) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240016004 · Cited by 1,685 · cited 1×
“A glutamate hypothesis has been proposed for schizophrenia (see Carlsson et al., 1999; Kehrer et al., 2008; Olney and Farber, 1995), suggesting that glutamate function in addition to dopamine function may be altered in patients with schizophrenia.”
BackgroundFunctional Asymmetry of the Brain in Dichotic Listening
Kimura, D. (1967) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(67)80010-8 · Cited by 1,581 · cited 3×
“…in e.g., the right ear has both ipsilateral and contralateral input to the temporal lobe processing areas, the contralateral pathways are more preponderant, and a dichotic presentation mode will further strengthen the input by blocking the ipsilateral input from the other ear (Kimura, 1967).”
BackgroundInfluentialHADDOCK, G., McCARRON, J., TARRIER, N., & FARAGHER, E. B. (1999) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291799008661 · Cited by 1,461 · cited 3×
“, 2000), and the Psychotic Symptoms Rating Scales (PSYRATS; Haddock et al., 1999).”
BackgroundA functional neuroanatomy of hallucinations in schizophrenia
Silbersweig, D. A., Stern, E., Frith, C., Cahill, C., Holmes, A., Grootoonk, S., Seaward, J., McKenna, P., Chua, S. E., Schnorr, L., et al. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/378176a0 · Cited by 906
Brain abnormality in schizophrenia
Lawrie, S. M., & Abukmeil, S. S. (1998) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.172.2.110 · Cited by 845 · cited 2×
“structural neuroimaging stuDies Structural MRI studies have confirmed abnormality in the speech areas in the left temporal lobe in patients with schizophrenia, with reduced grey matter density and volume on the left side compared to the right side (e.g., Barta et al., 1990; Kubicki et al., 2002; Lawrie and Abukmeil 19…”
BackgroundActivation of Heschl’s Gyrus during Auditory Hallucinations
Dierks, T., Linden, D. E. J., Jandl, M., Formisano, E., Goebel, R., Lanfermann, H., & Singer, W. (1999) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80715-1 · Cited by 752
Training and quality assurance with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale: "The drift busters."
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–112 of 112
Karabay, N., Öniz, A., Taşlıca, S., Alptekın, K., Hugdahl, K., & Özgören, M. (2015) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2015.03.018
“speech sound perception which are integrated aspects of auditory hallucinations [17].”
Editorial Schizophrenia as a Disorder of Communication
Niznikiewicz, M. A., Kubicki, M. R., Mulert, C., & Condray, R. (2016)
Exploring Glial Marker Activation and Neuroinflammation in Schizophrenia: A multimodal Approach
Brecke, V. (2019) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
Sakthivadivel, D. A. R. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.04.19.440551
“Hyperconnection of the LTL is correlated with schizophrenic symptoms [33, 34].”
BackgroundDichotic listening abilities among liturgical teachers of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church
Mekonnen, A. M., & Yigezu, M. (2021) · Laterality Asymmetries of Body Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1080/1357650x.2021.1955911
“Following guidelines on testing and scoring described in the literature (Hugdahl, 2003; Hugdahl et al., 2009), the participantswere shownapaperwith themonosyllabicwords andCV-syllables written in large fonts, and requested to read them aloud to the experimenter before the test session was started.”
MethodFagervik, M. (2011) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
Hypoconnectivity networks in schizophrenia patients: a voxelwise meta-analysis of rs-fMRIPreprint
Ruiz-Torras, S., Fernández-Vázquez, Ó., Cañete‐Massé, C., Peró, M., & Guàrdia‐Olmos, J. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-918263/v1
A comprehensive study on the cognitive mechanisms and neural substrates of hallucination proneness
Johnson, J. F. (2022) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20221101jj
Zhou, Z., Han, Y., Xiao, S., Li, X., Du, J., Li, Y., Xia, Y., Li, Y., Yang, Y., Li, W., et al. (2025) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2025.10.007
Vartanov, A. V., Дмитриевна, К. М., Leonovich, D., Шевалдова, О. В., Savenkova, V., Ochneva, A., & Reznik, A. M. (2025) · Clinical Psychology and Special Education · doi:10.17759/cpse.2025140309
Prieult, Y. L., Otte, M., Schmitgen, M. M., Koç, M. İ., Tech, C., & Wolf, R. C. (2026) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-026-03162-0
Metadata
- Authors
- Hugdahl, K.
- Affiliations
- Haukeland University Hospital (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Hugdahl, Kenneth
- ORCID
- Hugdahl, Kenneth
- Venue
- Frontiers in Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2009-05
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 34-45
- ISSN
- 1662-453X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2695389
- OpenAlex
- W150090035
- Cited by
- 112
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 3.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Norges Forskningsråd
- Haukeland Universitetssjukehus
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Keywords
- auditory hallucinations, schizophrenia, left temporal lobe, superior temporal gyrus, superior temporal sulcus, cognitive control, gray matter reduction, functional MRI, structural MRI, hallucination mitigation
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