Left temporal lobe structural and functional abnormality underlying auditory hallucinations

“…and duration of hallucinations are typically scored from symptom scales like the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS; Ventura et al., 1993), the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS; Kay et al., 1987) and Scales for Assessment of Negative and Positive Symptoms (SANS/SAPS; Andreasen, 1990).”

“neuropsycHological (DicHotic listening) stuDies In a neuropsychological study on auditory hallucinations, Green et al. (1994) used a simple dichotic listening procedure with pair-wise presentations of consonant–vowel (CV) syllables, and found that hallucinating patients failed to show a significant right ear advantage…”

“…pathways for speech sound perception are quite well mapped out, not the least from recent functional neuroimaging studies (Binder and Price, 2001; Hickok and Poeppel, 2007; Hugdahl et al., 1999), it can be assumed that auditory hallucinations have their neuronal, or ‘internal’, origin in the…”

“A glutamate hypothesis has been proposed for schizophrenia (see Carlsson et al., 1999; Kehrer et al., 2008; Olney and Farber, 1995), suggesting that glutamate function in addition to dopamine function may be altered in patients with schizophrenia.”

“…in e.g., the right ear has both ipsilateral and contralateral input to the temporal lobe processing areas, the contralateral pathways are more preponderant, and a dichotic presentation mode will further strengthen the input by blocking the ipsilateral input from the other ear (Kimura, 1967).”

“, 2000), and the Psychotic Symptoms Rating Scales (PSYRATS; Haddock et al., 1999).”

“structural neuroimaging stuDies Structural MRI studies have confirmed abnormality in the speech areas in the left temporal lobe in patients with schizophrenia, with reduced grey matter density and volume on the left side compared to the right side (e.g., Barta et al., 1990; Kubicki et al., 2002; Lawrie and Abukmeil 19…”

“…have confirmed abnormality in the speech areas in the left temporal lobe in patients with schizophrenia, with reduced grey matter density and volume on the left side compared to the right side (e.g., Barta et al., 1990; Kubicki et al., 2002; Lawrie and Abukmeil 1998; Neckelmann et al., 2006).”

“Frontiers in Neuroscience www.frontiersin.org May 2009 | Volume 3 | Issue 1 | 34 FOCUSED REVIEW published: 1 May 2009 doi: 10.3389/neuro.01.001.2009 Left temporal lobe structural and functional abnormality underlying auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia”

“Such experiences are also seen to occur among healthy population with a life-time prevalence of approximately 4–5% (Krabbendam and van Os, 2005; Tien, 1991).”

“…activation in temporal lobe areas (Dierks et al., 1999; Lennox et al., 2000; Shergill et al., 2004; Suzuki et al., 1993) and in other language-related areas, such as the thala- mus (Silbersweig et al., 1995), and Broca’s area (McGuire et al., 1993; see also Weiss and Heckers, 1999 for review).”

“structural neuroimaging stuDies Structural MRI studies have confirmed abnormality in the speech areas in the left temporal lobe in patients with schizophrenia, with reduced grey matter density and volume on the left side compared to the right side (e.g., Barta et al., 1990; Kubicki et al., 2002; Lawrie and Abukmeil 19…”

“However, while the classic symptom scales are limited to the frequency and duration of hallucinations, other scales are more focused on the themes and contents of the voices and whether the voices cause distress and/or disruption to everyday life, like the revised Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire (BAVQ-R; Chadwick e…”

“…CV- syllables dichotic listening paradigm typically results in a REA in healthy individuals, i.e., more correct reports for the right ear stimulus of the dichotic pair, indicating a left temporal lobe speech perception locus (see Hugdahl, 2003; Hugdahl and Andersson, 1986; Pollmann et al., 2002).”

“Hallucinations occur in 70–80% of patients with schizophrenia and often produce distress, functional disability, and behavioral dys-control (cf. Shergill et al., 1998).”

“A glutamate hypothesis has been proposed for schizophrenia (see Carlsson et al., 1999; Kehrer et al., 2008; Olney and Farber, 1995), suggesting that glutamate function in addition to dopamine function may be altered in patients with schizophrenia.”

“A glutamate hypothesis has been proposed for schizophrenia (see Carlsson et al., 1999; Kehrer et al., 2008; Olney and Farber, 1995), suggesting that glutamate function in addition to dopamine function may be altered in patients with schizophrenia.”

“…have confirmed abnormality in the speech areas in the left temporal lobe in patients with schizophrenia, with reduced grey matter density and volume on the left side compared to the right side (e.g., Barta et al., 1990; Kubicki et al., 2002; Lawrie and Abukmeil 1998; Neckelmann et al., 2006).”

“The results are supported by ERP-studies (e.g., Ford and Mathalon, 2005) showing that hallucinating patients have reduced or aberrant cortical activity to acoustic stimuli.”

“…or provided instructions to generate inner speech perceptions, when in the scanner, have resulted in decreased activation in the same brain areas in hallucinating patients compared to healthy controls (Zhang et al., 2008), also when compared with non-hallucinating patients (McGuire et al., 1996).”

“Such a view is also in agreement with other studies on auditory verbal hallucinations, for e.g., ‘mis-representations of inner experiences’ (Heinks-Maldonado et al., 2007), ‘mis- attribution of speech’ (Allen et al., 2007), ‘mis-attributed cognitions and inner speech’ (Kinderman, 2007) or that…”

“This has also been shown for cortical thickness, with thinning of the cortical mantle in the left superior temporal gyrus and in prefrontal areas, including the inferior and middle frontal gyrus (Nesvåg et al., 2008).”

“…CV- syllables dichotic listening paradigm typically results in a REA in healthy individuals, i.e., more correct reports for the right ear stimulus of the dichotic pair, indicating a left temporal lobe speech perception locus (see Hugdahl, 2003; Hugdahl and Andersson, 1986; Pollmann et al., 2002).”

“A common finding is that such morphological abnormalities correlate with frequency and duration of auditory hallucinations (e.g., Milev et al., 2003; Neckelmann et al., 2006; Shapleske et al., 2002; Shin et al., 2005).”

“…external stimuli have in general shown increased activation in temporal lobe areas (Dierks et al., 1999; Lennox et al., 2000; Shergill et al., 2004; Suzuki et al., 1993) and in other language-related areas, such as the thala- mus (Silbersweig et al., 1995), and Broca’s area (McGuire et al., 1993;…”

“…on auditory verbal hallucinations, for e.g., ‘mis-representations of inner experiences’ (Heinks-Maldonado et al., 2007), ‘mis- attribution of speech’ (Allen et al., 2007), ‘mis-attributed cognitions and inner speech’ (Kinderman, 2007) or that auditory hallucinations may be ‘competitions between…”

“In the Neckelmann et al. (2006) study, VBM was used for comparison of grey matter density in schizophrenia patients and healthy controls.”

“, Hugdahl, 2003) and brain imaging (Specht and Reul, 2003) studies have revealed a more complex and interactive pattern of speech localization in the brain, emphasizing ventral and dorsal areas (Hickok and Poeppel, 2007), most studies converge on the left temporal lobe as the core site for speech perception.”

“…MRI measures in the following sections. neuropsycHological (DicHotic listening) stuDies In a neuropsychological study on auditory hallucinations, Green et al. (1994) used a simple dichotic listening procedure with pair-wise presentations of consonant–vowel (CV) syllables, and found that…”

“…attention’ by Hugdahl and Andersson (1986), involves a bottom–up and top–down processing conflict in the sense that the bottom-up stimulus-driven effect pushes for a right ear response while the top–down instruction-driven effect pushes for a left ear response (cf. Thomsen et al., 2004).”

“Such a hypothesis is supported by the findings of Rund et al. (2006), that patients with schizophrenia are impaired in executive and cognitive control functions that have a prefrontal localization.”

“…in the absence of external stimuli have in general shown increased activation in temporal lobe areas (Dierks et al., 1999; Lennox et al., 2000; Shergill et al., 2004; Suzuki et al., 1993) and in other language-related areas, such as the thala- mus (Silbersweig et al., 1995), and Broca’s area…”

“…activation in temporal lobe areas (Dierks et al., 1999; Lennox et al., 2000; Shergill et al., 2004; Suzuki et al., 1993) and in other language-related areas, such as the thala- mus (Silbersweig et al., 1995), and Broca’s area (McGuire et al., 1993; see also Weiss and Heckers, 1999 for review).”

“Frontiers in Neuroscience www.frontiersin.org May 2009 | Volume 3 | Issue 1 | 37 speech perception (see also Hugdahl et al., 2008).”

“…et al., 2007), ‘mis- attribution of speech’ (Allen et al., 2007), ‘mis-attributed cognitions and inner speech’ (Kinderman, 2007) or that auditory hallucinations may be ‘competitions between auditory stimuli and competition for physiological resources in the temporal cortex’ (Hubl et al., 2007).”

“…and the neural pathways for speech sound perception are quite well mapped out, not the least from recent functional neuroimaging studies (Binder and Price, 2001; Hickok and Poeppel, 2007; Hugdahl et al., 1999), it can be assumed that auditory hallucinations have their neuronal, or…”

“See also Woodruff (2004) for further discussion of the neuropsychology of auditory hallucinations.”

“A common finding is that such morphological abnormalities correlate with frequency and duration of auditory hallucinations (e.g., Milev et al., 2003; Neckelmann et al., 2006; Shapleske et al., 2002; Shin et al., 2005).”

“(1994) have later been reproduced in several laboratories (e.g., Conn and Posey, 2000; Hugdahl et al., 2008; Løberg et al., 2004; Rossell and Boundy, 2005).”

“In her meta-analysis of structural abnormality in schizophrenia, Williams (2008) did not find evidence for a right temporal lobe abnormality, thus supporting a view that the grey matter abnormality is uniquely related to the left hemisphere.”

“In addition to the standard procedure, the paradigm can also be used to study attentional and executive control functions, similar as seen in the Stroop-task (Lund-Johansen et al., 1996).”

“The findings of Green et al. (1994) have later been reproduced in several laboratories (e.g., Conn and Posey, 2000; Hugdahl et al., 2008; Løberg et al., 2004; Rossell and Boundy, 2005). training in tHe DicHotic listening situation to suppress tHe voices An interesting extension of the dichotic…”

“A common finding is that such morphological abnormalities correlate with frequency and duration of auditory hallucinations (e.g., Milev et al., 2003; Neckelmann et al., 2006; Shapleske et al., 2002; Shin et al., 2005).”

“…or provided instructions to generate inner speech perceptions, when in the scanner, have resulted in decreased activation in the same brain areas in hallucinating patients compared to healthy controls (Zhang et al., 2008), also when compared with non-hallucinating patients (McGuire et al., 1996).”

“A relationship between hallucinations and other positive symptoms was found by Løberg et al. (2006), using structural equation modeling to statistically model the association from performance on the dichotic listening task.”

“The findings of Green et al. (1994) have later been reproduced in several laboratories (e.”

“In a mini-review, Sommer et al. (2003) also concluded that ‘our results showed that language related areas in the left hemisphere were significantly more activated than the right-sided homotope regions’ (p. 217).”

“However, the results have varied, Fiszdon et al. (2005) failed to show any training effects on auditory hallucinations, while Hatashita-Wong and Silverstein (2003) found indications of improvement.”

“The findings of Green et al. (1994) have later been reproduced in several laboratories (e.g., Conn and Posey, 2000; Hugdahl et al., 2008; Løberg et al., 2004; Rossell and Boundy, 2005). training in tHe DicHotic listening situation to suppress tHe voices An interesting extension of the dichotic…”

“Functional abnormalities in these networks may be associated with structural brain changes (Hugdahl et al., 2009; Bassett and Bullmore, 2009; Horn et al., 2009).”

“…cortex, such that external stimuli are not capable of producing further activation sufficient to overcome the ongoing, spontaneous neural activity (Hugdahl et al., 2009), or an aberrant attentional bias, such that the prefrontal top-down control mechanisms do not bias the auditory cortex…”