Oxidative Stress: What Is It? Can It Be Measured? Where Is It Located? Can It Be Good or Bad? Can It Be Prevented? Can It Be Cured?
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The meaning, the appropriate usage and the misusage of the terms oxidative stress, oxidative eustress, and oxidative distress have been evaluated. It has been realized that the terms oxidative stress and oxidative damage are often used inappropriately as synonyms. The usage of the term eustress (intended as good stress) is unsuitable to indicate signaling by reactive molecular an event that can be finalistically considered either good or bad, depending on the circumstances. The so defined oxidative distress is an oxidative damage but not an oxidative stress. What is measured and defined as oxidative stress is in fact an oxidative damage. Damaging oxidations and signaling oxidant events (good or bad) can be present, also simultaneously, in different and multiple location of a cell, tissue or body and the measure of an oxidant event in body fluids or tissue specimen can only be the sum of non-separatable events, sometimes of opposite sign. There is no officially approved therapy to prevent or cure oxidative stress or oxidative damage.
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The term oxidative stress in relation to biological systems appeared for the first time in the scientific literature in the early 70's.
“The term oxidative stress in relation to biological systems appeared for the first time in the scientific literature in the early 70’s (Azzi 2022).”
From Reactive Oxygen Species, Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Chronic Diseases and Aging (2023) · cites this paper as Azzi 2022
Oxidative stress is a double-edged sword for living systems: it is important for physiological signaling mediated by physiological concentrations of ROS (from ~10^-12 M to ~10^-6 M), termed oxidative eustress, while it can be responsible for oxidative damage to biomolecules, termed oxidative distress, mediated by increased ROS concentration (>10^-6 M).
“However, oxidative stress is a “double edge sword” for living systems, as it is important for physiological signaling mediated by physiological concentrations of ROS (from ~ 10−12 M to ~ 10−6 M), termed “oxidative eustress”, while it can be responsible for oxidative damage to biomolecules, a process termed “oxidative (di)stress”, mediated by increased ROS concentration (> 10−6 M) (Murphy et al. 2”
From Reactive Oxygen Species, Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Chronic Diseases and Aging (2023) · cites this paper as Azzi 2022
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- Authors
- Azzi, A.
- Affiliations
- Tufts University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Azzi, Angelo
- ORCID
- Azzi, Angelo
- Venue
- Antioxidants
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-07-23
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1431
- ISSN
- 2076-3921 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9329886
- OpenAlex
- W4287010262
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 1.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Antioxidants (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Keywords
- oxidative stress, oxidative damage, terminology, reactive oxygen species, oxidant signaling, oxidative stress prevention
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