Internet of Things Botnet Detection Approaches: Analysis and Recommendations for Future Research
Open accessAbstract
Internet of Things (IoT) is promising technology that brings tremendous benefits if used optimally. At the same time, it has resulted in an increase in cybersecurity risks due to the lack of security for IoT devices. IoT botnets, for instance, have become a critical threat; however, systematic and comprehensive studies analyzing the importance of botnet detection methods are limited in the IoT environment. Thus, this study aimed to identify, assess and provide a thoroughly review of experimental works on the research relevant to the detection of IoT botnets. To accomplish this goal, a systematic literature review (SLR), an effective method, was applied for gathering and critically reviewing research papers. This work employed three research questions on the detection methods used to detect IoT botnets, the botnet phases and the different malicious activity scenarios. The authors analyzed the nominated research and the key methods related to them. The detection methods have been classified based on the techniques used, and the authors investigated the botnet phases during which detection is accomplished. This research procedure was used to create a source of foundational knowledge of IoT botnet detection methods. As a result of this study, the authors analyzed the current research gaps and suggest future research directions.
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Detectors that achieve >99% accuracy on a single dataset routinely lose 10-20 percentage points when transferred cross-dataset.
“detectors that achieve >99% accuracy on a single dataset routinely lose 10-20 percentage points when transferred cross-dataset”
From Agentic AI and Large Language Models for Autonomous IoT Cybersecurity: A Systematic Survey, Taxonomy, and Research Roadmap (2026) · cites this paper as [14]
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Nazir, A., He, J., Zhu, N., Wajahat, A., Ma, X., Ullah, F., Qureshi, S., & Pathan, M. S. (2023) · Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jksuci.2023.101820 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Deep Learning-Based Intrusion Detection System for Detecting IoT Botnet Attacks: A Review
Al-Shurbaji, T., Anbar, M., Manickam, S., Hasbullah, I. H., Alfriehat, N. A., Alabsi, B. A., Alzighaibi, A. R., & Hashim, H. A. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3526711 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
A Review of IoT Firmware Vulnerabilities and Auditing Techniques
Bakhshi, T., Ghita, B., & Kuzminykh, I. (2024) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24020708 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
BotStop : Packet-based efficient and explainable IoT botnet detection using machine learning
Alani, M. M. (2022) · Computer Communications · doi:10.1016/j.comcom.2022.06.039 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
A Survey on Botnets: Incentives, Evolution, Detection and Current Trends
Vu, S. N. T., Stege, M., El-Habr, P. I., Bang, J., & Dragoni, N. (2021) · Future Internet · doi:10.3390/fi13080198 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Botnet‐based IoT network traffic analysis using deep learning
Singh, N. J., Hoque, N., Singh, K. R., & Bhattacharyya, D. K. (2023) · Security and Privacy · doi:10.1002/spy2.355 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Energy-based approach for attack detection in IoT devices: A survey
Merlino, V., & Allegra, D. (2024) · Internet of Things · doi:10.1016/j.iot.2024.101306 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Review of Botnet Attack Detection in SDN-Enabled IoT Using Machine Learning
Negera, W. G., Schwenker, F., Debelee, T. G., Melaku, H. M., & Ayano, Y. M. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22249837 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
IoT malware classification based on reinterpreted function-call graphs
Wu, C., Ban, T., Cheng, S., Takahashi, T., & Inoue, D. (2022) · Computers & Security · doi:10.1016/j.cose.2022.103060 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Detecting Internet of Things Bots: A Comparative Study
Stephens, B., Shaghaghi, A., Doss, R., & Kanhere, S. S. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3130714 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Ullah, S., Wu, J., Lin, Z., Kamal, M. M., Mostafa, H., Sheraz, M., & Chuah, T. C. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-16553-w · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Shareef, S. K., Chaitanya, R. K., Chennupalli, S., Chokkakula, D., Kiran, K. V. D., Udayaraju, P., & Vatambeti, R. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-67865-2 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Enhancing IoT Security Using GA-HDLAD: A Hybrid Deep Learning Approach for Anomaly Detection
Mutambik, I. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14219848 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Developing a hybrid feature selection method to detect botnet attacks in IoT devices
Alshaeaa, H. Y., & Ghadhban, Z. M. (2024) · Kuwait Journal of Science · doi:10.1016/j.kjs.2024.100222 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
A novel feature selection-driven ensemble learning approach for accurate botnet attack detection
Hossain, M. A., & Islam, M. S. (2025) · Alexandria Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.aej.2025.01.042 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
A Survey of DDOS Attack Detection Techniques for IoT Systems Using BlockChain Technology
Khan, Z. A., & Namin, A. S. (2022) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics11233892 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
BOTA: Explainable IoT Malware Detection in Large Networks
Uhříček, D., Hynek, K., Čejka, T., & Kolář, D. (2022) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2022.3228816 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Cross Deep Learning Method for Effectively Detecting the Propagation of IoT Botnet
Wazzan, M., Algazzawi, D., Albeshri, A. A., Hasan, S. H., Rabie, O. B. J., & Asghar, M. Z. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22103895 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationA Lightweight Method for Botnet Detection in Internet of Things Environment
Ma, W., Wang, X., Dong, J., Hu, M., & Zhou, Q. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnse.2025.3548411 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Edge security for SIP-enabled IoT devices with P4
Febro, A., Xiao, H., Spring, J., & Christianson, B. (2021) · Computer Networks · doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2021.108698 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Internet of Things botnets: A survey on Artificial Intelligence based detection techniques
Lefoane, M., Ghafir, I., Kabir, S., & Awan, I. (2025) · Journal of Network and Computer Applications · doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2025.104110 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
A threat modeling framework for IoT-Based botnet attacks
Jin, H., Jeon, G., Choi, H. W. A., Jeon, S., & Seo, J. T. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39192 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Uncovering botnets in IoT sensor networks: a hybrid self-organizing maps approach
Abu-Alhaija, M., Alqudah, H. J., & Dar-Othman, H. (2024) · Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science · doi:10.11591/ijeecs.v34.i3.pp1840-1857 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Machine Learning Approaches for Botnet Detection in Network Traffic
Salih, Y. T., Fenjan, A., Ahmed, S. R., Ali, H., Abdulwahab, E. N., Algruri, S., Kurdi, N. A., Al-Sarem, M., & Tawfeq, J. F. (2024) · Cognitive Models and Artificial Intelligence Conference (AICCONF) · doi:10.1145/3660853.3660933 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
AI-based botnet attack classification and detection in IoT devices
Puri, V., Kataria, A., Solanki, V. K., & Rani, S. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Machine Learning and Applied Network Technologies (ICMLANT) · doi:10.1109/icmlant56191.2022.9996464 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Internet of Things (IoT) Security Enhancement Using XGboost Machine Learning Techniques
Doghramachi, D. F., & Ameen, S. Y. (2023) · Computers, materials & continua/Computers, materials & continua (Print) · doi:10.32604/cmc.2023.041186 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
IoT Botnet Attack Detection Model Based on DBO-Catboost
Yang, C., Guan, W., & Fang, Z. (2023) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app13127169 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Ayompe, L. M., Masso, C., Epie, W. N., Crook, E. D., & Egoh, B. N. (2025) · Frontiers in Sustainability · doi:10.3389/frsus.2025.1620925 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
IoT Malware Detection Using Function-Call-Graph Embedding
Wu, C.-Y., Ban, T., Cheng, S., Sun, B., & Takahashi, T. (2021) · Conference on Privacy, Security and Trust · doi:10.1109/pst52912.2021.9647806 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Rafrastara, F. A., Supriyanto, C., Paramita, C., Astuti, Y. P., & Ahmed, F. (2023) · Jurnal Informatika Jurnal Pengembangan IT · doi:10.30591/jpit.v8i2.5207 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A Hybrid Technique Based on RF-PCA and ANN for Detecting DDoS Attacks IoT
Jalo, H. N., & Heydarian, M. (2024) · Iraqi journal of data science. · doi:10.51173/ijds.v1i1.9 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
SHAP-based intrusion detection in IoT networks using quantum neural networks on IonQ hardware
K, R. K., & Shalinie, S. M. (2025) · Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing · doi:10.1016/j.jpdc.2025.105133 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Machine Learning White-Hat Worm Launcher for Tactical Response by Zoning in Botnet Defense System
Pan, X., & Yamaguchi, S. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22134666 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Detection of HTTP DDoS Attacks Using NFStream and TensorFlow
Chovanec, M., Hasin, M., Havrilla, M., & Chovancová, E. (2023) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app13116671 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Modular neural network for edge-based detection of early-stage IoT botnet
Alqattan, D. S., Ojha, V., Habib, F., Noor, A., Morgan, G., & Ranjan, R. K. (2024) · High-Confidence Computing · doi:10.1016/j.hcc.2024.100230 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Siwakoti, Y. R., Bhurtel, M., Rawat, D. B., Oest, A., & Johnson, R. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics · doi:10.1109/tce.2024.3482708 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Transformers model for DDoS attack detection: A survey
Farias, E. P., de Neira, A. B., Borges, L. F., & Nogueira, M. (2025) · Computer Networks · doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2025.111433 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Adaptive DBSCAN with Grey Wolf Optimizer for Botnet Detection
(2023) · International journal of intelligent engineering and systems · doi:10.22266/ijies2023.0831.33 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
An approach to botnet attacks in the fog computing layer and Apache Spark for smart cities
Dawi, A. A., Tezel, N. S., Rahebi, J., & Akbaş, A. (2025) · The Journal of Supercomputing · doi:10.1007/s11227-024-06915-y · Cited by 8 · see citing works
A Systematic Literature Review: Classifying IoT Botnet Data Features Based on Its Lifecycle
Liu, S., Fauzi, F., & Kok, V. J. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3559635 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
A Proposed Framework for Early Detection IoT Botnet
Mashaleh, A. S., Ibrahim, N. F., Alauthman, M., & Almomani, A. (2022) · International Arab Conference on Information Technology (ACIT) · doi:10.1109/acit57182.2022.9994166 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
MONDEO-Tactics5G: Multistage botnet detection and tactics for 5G/6G networks
Sousa, B., Dias, D., Antunes, N., Cámara, J., Wagner, R., Schmerl, B. R., Garlan, D., & Fidalgo, P. (2024) · Computers & Security · doi:10.1016/j.cose.2024.103768 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
IoT-Cloud Assisted Botnet Detection Using Rat Swarm Optimizer with燚eep燣earning
Alshahrani, S. M., Alrayes, F. S., Alqahtani, H., Alzahrani, J. S., Maray, M., Alazwari, S., Shamseldin, M. Α., & Duhayyim, M. A. (2022) · Computers, materials & continua/Computers, materials & continua (Print) · doi:10.32604/cmc.2023.032972 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Mashaleh, A. S., Ibrahim, N. F., Alauthman, M., Al-Karaki, J. N., Almomani, A., Atalla, S., & Gawanmeh, A. (2024) · International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems/International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering · doi:10.11591/ijece.v14i4.pp4732-4744 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Detecting IoT Botnet in 5G Core Network Using Machine Learning
Kim, Y.-E., Kim, M.-G., & Kim, H. (2022) · Computers, materials & continua/Computers, materials & continua (Print) · doi:10.32604/cmc.2022.026581 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Laktionov, І., Diachenko, G., Moroz, D. M., & Getman, I. A. (2025) · IoT · doi:10.3390/iot6040061 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Constructing IoT Botnet Detection Model Based on Degree Centrality and Path Analysis
Zaki, W. N. F. W. M., Abdullah, R. S., Yassin, W. M., Selamat, S. R., Rosli, M. S., & Yahya, S. (2024) · Journal of Advances in Information Technology · doi:10.12720/jait.15.3.330-339 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Efficient Hybrid Model for Botnet Detection Using Machine Learning
Saxena, P., & Patel, R. B. (2023) · International Conference on Computation, Automation and Knowledge Management (ICCAKM) · doi:10.1109/iccakm58659.2023.10449643 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Feature selection for IoT botnet detection using equilibrium and Battle Royale Optimization
Baker, Q. B., & Samarneh, A. A. (2024) · Computers & Security · doi:10.1016/j.cose.2024.104060 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Kadi, A., Khoukhi, L., Viinikka, J., & Fabre, P.-E. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management · doi:10.1109/tnsm.2025.3540753 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Applications of Blockchains in Addressing the Integration and Security of IoT Systems: A Survey
Khan, Z. A., & Namin, A. S. (2021) · IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData) · doi:10.1109/bigdata52589.2021.9671299 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Sharma, S., & Mishra, N. (2026) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0286235 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Deep Learning-Based Detection of IoT Botnet Attacks: An Exploration of Residual Networks
Govindaraji, M., Periyasamy, R., & Vidyaathulasiraman (2023) · International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering · doi:10.18280/ijsse.130414 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Response Generation Honeypot With Antidetection Capabilities for IoT Botnet Lifecycle Detection
Tang, H., He, H. X., Feng, Y., Meng, J., & Zhang, W. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tai.2024.3509812 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Attacks Come to Those Who Wait: Long-Term Observations in an SSH Honeynet
Munteanu, C., Suriyanarayanan, Y. B., Smaragdakis, G., Feldmann, A., & Fiebig, T. (2025) · ACM Internet Measurement Conference (IMC) · doi:10.1145/3730567.3764475 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Iot botnet intrusion detection system using federated learning techniques
Saleh, A., Alkasassbeh, M. S., & Almseidin, M. (2026) · Wireless Networks · doi:10.1007/s11276-026-04100-y · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Smart Botnet Detection in IoT using Stacked Neural Networks
Chaitanya, V. L., Reddy, P. S., Devi, M. S., Reddy, M. S. K., Vardhan, P. V., & Rao, J. L. (2026) · International Conference on AI-Driven Smart Systems and Ubiquitous Computing (ICAUC) · doi:10.1109/icauc68182.2026.11440982 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Hash-Based Function Call Graph Fusion Method for IoT Malware Detection
Lin, G.-Y., Lin, M.-H., Hong, B.-K., & Cheng, S. (2023) · International Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications (WPMC) · doi:10.1109/wpmc59531.2023.10338981 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Traffic Classification For Botnet Detection Using Deep Learning
Hossen, M. S., & Ahmad, T. (2023) · International Conference on Smart Cities, Automation & Intelligent Computing Systems (ICON-SONICS) · doi:10.1109/icon-sonics59898.2023.10435270 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Hierarchical Classification of Botnet Using Lightweight CNN
Negera, W. G., Schwenker, F., Feyisa, D. W., Debelee, T. G., & Melaku, H. M. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14103966 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A CNN based deep learning model for detecting P2P Botnets using flow features
Mohan, H. G., Kumar, J., Rajesh, I. S., Geethanjali, K. S., Krishnamurthy, M. S., & Jagannathan, K. (2024) · International Conference on Networks, Multimedia and Information Technology (NMITCON) · doi:10.1109/nmitcon62075.2024.10698766 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Detection and Mitigation in IoT Ecosystems Using oneM2M Architecture and Edge-Based Machine Learning
Luo, Y.-Y., Chiu, Y.-H., & Cheng, C.-H. (2025) · Future Internet · doi:10.3390/fi17090411 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Nageshwaran, V., & Ezekiel, S. (2026) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics15122740 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
IoT botnets Unveiled: architectural analysis, threat vectors, and cutting-edge detection techniques
Garg, U., Mishra, P., Gupta, N., & Pilli, E. S. (2025) · Cluster Computing · doi:10.1007/s10586-025-05633-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Efficient Scanning Activity Detection in IoT Networks Using Ensemble Learning
Igried, B., Alauthman, M., Khaldy, M. A. A., & Alsarhan, A. (2023) · Asia Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Robotics (AIMLR) · doi:10.1145/3625343.3625346 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Detecting Iot Botnet Attacks: A Machine Learning Paradigm
Purnachandrarao, M., Sushma, K., Anantha, M., Reddy, S. A., Nithin, M., & Ranjithkumar, V. R. (2024) · International Conference on Communications and Signal Processing (ICCSP) · doi:10.1109/iccsp60870.2024.10543288 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A Review of Backdoor Control Techniques for Embedded Devices
Chen, S., Guang, Y., & Han, Q. (2024) · International Conference on Information Technology and Computer Communications (ITCC) · doi:10.1145/3704391.3704392 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Exploring Machine Learning Approaches for Botnet Detection in IoT Networks: A Review
Rasool, A. M., Safa, N. S., & Mbarushimana, C. (2025) · Advanced sciences and technologies for security applications · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-82031-1_9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Benedictus, F., Putra, M. A. R., Ahmad, T., Za’in, C., & de Souza-Daw, T. (2025) · International Journal of Intelligent Networks · doi:10.1016/j.ijin.2025.08.001 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
On the Use of Low-Cost IoT Devices to Perpetrate Slow DoS Attacks
Cambiaso, E. (2023) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-3043-2_71 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Research on botnet detection technology in network security
Yu, H. (2023) · Applied and Computational Engineering · doi:10.54254/2755-2721/18/20230967 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Botnets in Healthcare: Threats, Vulnerabilities, and Mitigation Strategies
Barnett, M., Womack, J., Brito, C., Miller, K., Potter, L. N., & Palmer, X. (2024) · European Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security · doi:10.34190/eccws.23.1.2345 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A Comprehensive Review of Internet-of-Things (IoT) Botnet Detection Techniques
Nketia, I. K., Yaokumah, W., & Appati, J. K. (2024) · Advances in information security, privacy, and ethics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-3451-5.ch003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ensemble Learning Techniques for the Detection of IoT Botnets
Nazir, A., He, J., Zhu, N., Ma, X., Ullah, F., Qureshi, S., & Wajahat, A. (2024) · International Conference on Cyber Security, Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (CSAIDE) · doi:10.1145/3672919.3672934 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Exploring Deep Learning Architectures for Enhanced Cyber Threat Detection: A Survey
Oyinloye, T. S., Arowolo, M. O., Ogundoku, R. O., & Prasad, R. (2024) · International Conference on Science, Engineering and Business for Driving Sustainable Development Goals (SEB4SDG) · doi:10.1109/seb4sdg60871.2024.10629849 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Quantum-Enhanced IoT-Cloud Security: Integrating SHAP and Variational Quantum Classifiers
Antony, V., Antony, V., & Thangarasu, N. (2025) · Journal of Computer Science · doi:10.3844/jcssp.2025.168.176 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Combating evolving threats: A robust malicious domain detection framework for distributed networks
Jin, Y., He, F., Zhu, Y., & Ren, H. (2025) · Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications · doi:10.1007/s12083-025-02036-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Leveraging Random Forest to Detect Botnet Attacks in IoT Environments
Alrakah, H., Adam, Y. A., Abdalraheem, M. H. O., Mansur, P., Rizwan, S. M., & Al–Shourbaji, I. (2025) · International Journal of Computational and Experimental Science and Engineering · doi:10.22399/ijcesen.3717 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Botnet Detection in IoT Networks Using Hybrid Deep Learning CNN, LSTM, and GRU
Adil, A. S. S., & Hoomod, H. K. (2026) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-14189-7_27 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
El-Taj, H. R., & Hamarsheh, A. (2025) · International Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering Researches (ICECER) · doi:10.1109/icecer65523.2025.11401305 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Survey on IOT Botnets and their Detection Approaches
Yadav, R. K., & Karamveer, K. (2022) · International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication Control and Networking (ICAC3N) · doi:10.1109/icac3n56670.2022.10074482 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A review of machine learning techniques and challenges in online Botnet detection
Haidar, D., & Husien, I. M. (2025) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0274147 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Analysis of Data Obtained from the Mobile Botnet
Kobiela, J., & Urbaniec, P. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-48348-6_2
Blancaflor, E., Evangelista, R. C. B., Maligmat, R. R., Marcelo, D. N. B., Pablo, B. J. P., & Vilar, M. J. B. (2023) · International Conference on Computing and Big Data (ICCBD) · doi:10.1109/iccbd59843.2023.10607336
Advancing Immune Disorder Prediction on a Machine Learning Approach for Enhanced Accuracy
Basha, S. K. A., & Hanirex, D. K. (2024) · Advances in computer and electrical engineering book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-3739-4.ch022
Securing Cyberspace: Traditional vs. IoT Botnets-A Machine Learning Classification Approach
Gupta, S., Alexander, J., Bartwal, K., Narang, H., Rawat, D., & Aeri, M. (2024) · International Conference on Advanced Computing and Emerging Technologies (ACET) · doi:10.1109/acet61898.2024.10730487
Miller, S. T., & Busby-Earle, C. (2024) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-73128-0_18
Performance Evaluation of Botnet Attack Detection Using XAI
Divakarla, U., & Chandrasekaran, K. (2024) · IEEE Region 10 Symposium (TENSYMP) · doi:10.1109/tensymp61132.2024.10752294
Integrating Deep Learning with IOT: Combined Strategies for Botnet Detection
Soni, S. K., & Nair, S. (2024) · SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJOSCIENCE · doi:10.24113/ijoscience.v10i9.487
Ku, Q., Tie-jun, W., & Ya, Z. (2024) · International Conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision (ICARCV) · doi:10.1109/icarcv63323.2024.10821513
Distributed BERT-based Detection Systems for IoT Networks Against Coordinated Bot Attacks
Ayesha Siddhika, A., Balamurugan, P., Logeshwaran, C., & Subalaxmi, T. (2025) · International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS) · doi:10.1109/iciccs65191.2025.10985487
Shiddiqi, A. M., Purba, R. C., & Pratomo, B. A. (2025) · International Conference on Smart Computing, IoT and Machine Learning (SIML) · doi:10.1109/siml65326.2025.11080918
Lightweight Edge Computing Framework for IoT Botnet Detection in Dynamic Environment
Assistant, M. T., Sivanesh, C., Kumar, M. S., & Dharineesh, S. (2025) · International Conference on Emerging Applications of Material Science and Technology (ICEAMST) · doi:10.1109/iceamst67459.2025.11335881
Botnet Attacks Detection in IoT Smart Homes: A Machine Learning Approach
Ali, H. A. S., Rani, J. V., & Challa, M. (2026) · Lecture notes in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-9716-8_12
Advancements in AI-Based Botnet Detection Techniques for IoT Networks: A Comprehensive Survey
Das, R., Deka, V., Devi, R., Dey, A., Sharma, M., & Taye, G. (2026) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-9935-3_11
Singh, P. B., & Swami, S. (2026) · Cureus Journal of Computer Science. · doi:10.7759/s44389-026-00030-0
Alkhattabi, K. (2026) · International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering · doi:10.1142/s0218194026410020
Dubey, J., & Patel, D. (2025) · International Conference on Data, Energy and Communication Networks (DECoN) · doi:10.1109/decon67170.2025.11447625
Mohanraj, T., Sivanesh, C., Sanjeev Kumar, M., & Dharineesh, S. (2025) · International Conference on Sustainable Computing and Smart Systems (ICSCSS) · doi:10.1109/icscss64956.2025.11501158
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- Authors
- Wazzan, M., Algazzawi, D., Bamasaq, O., Albeshri, A., & Cheng, L.
- Affiliations
- King Abdulaziz University (SA)
- Computer Science Department, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Wazzan, Majda
- Venue
- Applied Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-06-20
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 5713
- ISSN
- 2076-3417 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3175402960
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 5
- FWCI
- 7.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Applied Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- King Abdulaziz University
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Network Security and Intrusion Detection
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Spam and Phishing Detection
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Internet of Things and AI
- Keywords
- IoT botnets, botnet detection, Internet of Things security, IoT device security, research gaps, future research directions
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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