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A Review of Industry 4.0 Manufacturing Process Security Risks
Open accessAbstract
The advent of three-dimensional (3D) printing has found a unique and prominent role in Industry 4.0 and is rapidly gaining popularity in the manufacturing industry. 3D printing offers many advantages over conventional manufacturing methods, making it an attractive alternative that is more cost-effective and efficient than conventional manufacturing methods. With the Internet of Things (IoT) at the heart of this new movement, control over manufacturing methods now enters the cyber domain, offering endless possibilities in manufacturing automation and optimization. However, as disruptive and innovative as this may seem, there is grave concern about the cyber-security risks involved. These security aspects are often overlooked, particularly by promising new start-ups and parties that are not too familiar with the risks involved in not having proper cyber-security measures in place. This paper explores some of the cyber-security risks involved in the bridge between industrial manufacturing and Industry 4.0, as well as the associated countermeasures already deployed or currently under development. These aspects are then contextualized in terms of Industry 4.0 in order to serve as a basis for and assist with future development in this field.
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Suchorab, J., Plamowski, S., & Ławryńczuk, M. (2025) · Computers & Security · doi:10.1016/j.cose.2025.104572 · Cited by 5
Industry 5.0: a conceptual cybersecurity model for secured digital transformation of enterprises
Chaudhuri, A., Jayalakshmi, R., Bala, P. K., Shoemaker, D., & Behera, R. K. (2025) · EDPACS · doi:10.1080/07366981.2024.2445413 · Cited by 7
“However, Industry 4.0 has brought new challenges of cybersecurity due to the integration of operational technology (OT) with information technology (IT) and has enhanced the cyber threat surface resulting in cyber-attacks (Ervural & Ervural, 2017; Prinsloo et al., 2019).”
InfluentialAnalysis of Directional Activities for Industry 4.0 in the Example of Poland and Germany
Jałowiec, T., & Wojtaszek, H. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14073848 · Cited by 4
Chiu, P. C., Rana, M. E., Hameed, V. A., & Seeralan, A. (2023) · IEEE Student Conference on Research and Development (SCOReD) · doi:10.1109/scored60679.2023.10563467 · Cited by 4
“However, most of the manufacturing companies have yet migrated to the cloud including the semiconductor companies due to concerns over data security [4], data latency and connectivity issues [5].”
BackgroundDeployment and Maintenance of Digital Twin in a Secure Industrial Environment
Hassan, M., & Björsell, N. (2024) · International Conference on Prognostics and Health Management · doi:10.1109/icphm61352.2024.10626806 · Cited by 4
“Several factors, such as security [8], support for data cleaning and DT development [9] , and installation and update of the DT system, are critical concerns for implementation [10].”
BackgroundSTPA systemic approach for OHS and operational risk analysis of data glove use in 4.0 assembly
Naeini, A. M., & Nadeau, S. (2022) · CIRP journal of manufacturing science and technology · doi:10.1016/j.cirpj.2022.09.003 · Cited by 4
Software in the Manufacturing Industry: Emerging Security Challenge Areas for IIoT Platforms
Landeck, Y., Balta, D., Wimmer, M., & Knierim, C. (2024) · IEEE/ACM International Conference on Software Engineering: Software Engineering in Practice (ICSE-SEIP) · doi:10.1145/3639477.3639724 · Cited by 4
“Previously, perimeter security has been the choice for ensuring the integrity and availability of systems on the shop floor level [29].”
BackgroundSecuring the Future of Digital Manufacturing: A Review of Vulnerabilities and Mitigation Strategies
Fteiha, B., Ayoub, A. A., Hussein, L. Y., & Zia, H. (2024) · International Conference on Communications, Information, Electronic and Energy Systems (CIEES) · doi:10.1109/ciees62939.2024.10811264 · Cited by 3
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Method and Installation for Efficient Automatic Defect Inspection of Manufactured Paper Bowls
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“For instance, in the content of smart cities, if malicious actors gain control of a traffic control system, it can wreak havoc by manipulating traffic signals or causing accidents and endanger lives [7].”
Background6G Networks: Fusion of Communications, Sensing, Imaging, Localization and Other Verticals
Božanić, M., & Sinha, S. (2021) · Lecture notes in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-69273-5_10 · Cited by 3
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The Role of Simulation in the Context of Industry 4.0 in Building Evacuation
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“Consequently, the likelihood of significant disruptions or industrial sabotage from a single cyber-physical attack rises substantially [Prinsloo et al ., 2019].”
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“Traceability of a product gives unique information about the product like its location information, temperature, pressure, etc. with the help of smart sensors attached to it [16].”
BackgroundArchitectural development of a cyber-physical manufacturing range
Evans, M., & Purdy, G. T. (2023) · Manufacturing Letters · doi:10.1016/j.mfglet.2023.08.124 · Cited by 2
3D Scanner Using Infrared for Small Object
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“Lines are produced on the object by a laser 3D scanner, and a digital projector's concentrated grid is projected by structured light [14]–[16].”
BackgroundFen, L. X., & Ping, T. A. (2024) · International Conference on Software Engineering and Information Technology (ICoSEIT) · doi:10.1109/icoseit60086.2024.10497522 · Cited by 2
“Additionally, the benefits identified in this study include improved efficiency in operations and production management, as well as the opening up of new business opportunities [16].”
BackgroundInfluentialMethodology for Conducting a Study of the Vulnerability of PLC Control Algorithms to Cyber Attacks
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“Highly computerized and interconnected facilities open up digital access to equipment, and the benefits of information availability come at a price in the form of a higher risk of cyber attack and information corruption [9], [10], [11].”
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Ahmet, U. S. L. U. (2021) · Türkiye Fotogrametri Dergisi · doi:10.53030/tufod.970464 · Cited by 2
CYBER SECURITY FOR SMART SYSTEM IN INDUSTRY 4.0
(2021) · International Journal of Mechatronics and Applied Mechanics · doi:10.17683/ijomam/issue9.26 · Cited by 2
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Cyber Security Systems in Manufacturing Process Application: A Review
Rakshith, S., Dileep, L., & Gopalakrishna (2024) · International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology (IJISRT) · doi:10.38124/ijisrt/ijisrt24may1800 · Cited by 2
BRICS Countries’ Competitiveness in the 4IR: Findings from Three World Economic Forum Indicators
Ndzendze, B. (2022) · International political economy series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-97397-1_7 · Cited by 1
Delay Tolerant Networks for Industry 4.0
Garcia, J., Demir, M. A., Ciocarlie, G. F., & Prevost, J. J. (2023) · International Conference on System of Systems Engineering · doi:10.1109/sose59841.2023.10178635 · Cited by 1
“With the increase of network connections and data from hardware devices, there is a growing convergence between IT and OT [4].”
BackgroundThe Benefits of Using Industry 4.0 in the Manufacturing Sector
Ullah, A., Imran, S., & Roy, D. (2023) · Environmental footprints and eco-design of products and processes · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-4819-2_7 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Prinsloo, J., Sinha, S., & von Solms, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Johannesburg (ZA)
- Centre for Cyber Security, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
- Corresponding author
- Prinsloo, Jaco
- Venue
- Applied Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-11-26
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 5105
- ISSN
- 2076-3417 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2991571699
- Cited by
- 140
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 11.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Applied Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Digital Transformation in Industry
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Information and Cyber Security
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Impact of AI and Big Data on Business and Society
- Keywords
- Industry 4.0, cybersecurity risks, 3D printing, Internet of Things, industrial automation, manufacturing security
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