FLAW3D: A Trojan-Based Cyber Attack on the Physical Outcomes of Additive Manufacturing

Hardware Trojan attacks: Threat analysis and countermeasures

Bhunia, S., Hsiao, M. S., Banga, M., & Narasimhan, S. (2014) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2014.2334493 · Cited by 766 · see citing works

RepRap – the replicating rapid prototyper

Jones, R., Haufe, P., Sells, E., Iravani, P., Olliver, V., Palmer, C., & Bowyer, A. (2011) · Robotica · doi:10.1017/s026357471000069x · Cited by 740 · see citing works

Trusted Execution Environment: What It is, and What It is Not

Sabt, M., Achemlal, M., & Bouabdallah, A. (2015) · 2015 IEEE Trustcom/BigDataSE/ISPA · doi:10.1109/trustcom.2015.357 · Cited by 724 · see citing works

Recent Advances in Extrusion‐Based 3D Printing for Biomedical Applications

Placone, J. K., & Engler, A. J. (2017) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.201701161 · Cited by 489 · see citing works

A taxonomy of computer program security flaws

Landwehr, C. E., Bull, A. R., McDermott, J. P., & Choi, W. S. (1994) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/185403.185412 · Cited by 451 · see citing works

Manufacturing and Security Challenges in 3D Printing

Zeltmann, S. E., Gupta, N., Tsoutsos, N. G., Maniatakos, M., Rajendran, J., & Karri, R. (2016) · JOM · doi:10.1007/s11837-016-1937-7 · Cited by 245 · see citing works

Cybersecurity for digital manufacturing

Wu, D., Ren, A., Zhang, W., Fan, F., Liu, P., Fu, X., & Terpenny, J. P. (2018) · Journal of Manufacturing Systems · doi:10.1016/j.jmsy.2018.03.006 · Cited by 160 · see citing works

Security analysis of the diebold AccuVote-TS voting machine

Feldman, A. J., Halderman, J. A., & Felten, E. W. (2007) · Cited by 152 · see citing works

Additive Manufacturing Cyber-Physical System: Supply Chain Cybersecurity and Risks

Gupta, N., Tiwari, A., Bukkapatnam, S. T. S., & Karri, R. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.2978815 · Cited by 144 · cited 1× · see citing works

A Review of Industry 4.0 Manufacturing Process Security Risks

Prinsloo, J., Sinha, S., & von Solms, B. (2019) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app9235105 · Cited by 140 · cited 1× · see citing works

AM and aerospace: an ideal combination

Nickels, L. (2015) · Metal Powder Report · doi:10.1016/j.mprp.2015.06.005 · Cited by 116 · see citing works

Using 3D printers as weapons

Yampolskiy, M., Anthony Skjellum, Y., Kretzschmar, M., Overfelt, R. A., Sloan, K. R., & Yasinsac, A. (2016) · International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection · doi:10.1016/j.ijcip.2015.12.004 · Cited by 94 · see citing works

How Secure Are Printed Circuit Boards Against Trojan Attacks?

Ghosh, S., Basak, A., & Bhunia, S. (2014) · IEEE Design and Test · doi:10.1109/mdat.2014.2347918 · Cited by 79 · see citing works

Implications of Malicious 3D Printer Firmware

Moore, S., Glisson, W., & Yampolskiy, M. (2017) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences · doi:10.24251/hicss.2017.735 · Cited by 76 · see citing works

A Survey of Cybersecurity of Digital Manufacturing

Mahesh, P., Tiwari, A., Jin, C., Kumar, P. R., Reddy, A. L. N., Bukkapatnam, S., Gupta, N., & Karri, R. (2020) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2020.3032074 · Cited by 76 · see citing works

Design, Modeling, and Control of a 3D Printed Monolithic Soft Robotic Finger With Embedded Pneumatic Sensing Chambers

Tawk, C., Zhou, H., Sarıyıldız, E., Panhuis, M. I. H., Spinks, G. M., & Alıcı, G. (2020) · IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics · doi:10.1109/tmech.2020.3009365 · Cited by 73 · see citing works

A language for describing attacks on cyber-physical systems

Yampolskiy, M., Horváth, P., Koutsoukos, X., Xue, Y., & Sztipanovits, J. (2014) · International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection · doi:10.1016/j.ijcip.2014.09.003 · Cited by 60 · see citing works

Vulnerability analysis of desktop 3D printer software

Moore, S., Armstrong, P., McDonald, T., & Yampolskiy, M. (2016) · Resilience Week (RWS) · doi:10.1109/rweek.2016.7573305 · Cited by 48 · see citing works

Characteristic Aspects of Additive Manufacturing Security From Security Awareness Perspectives

Graves, L., Lubell, J., King, W. E., & Yampolskiy, M. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2931738 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Novel Design and 3-D Printing of Nonassembly Controllable Pneumatic Robots

Wei, Y., Chen, Y., Yang, Y., & Li, Y. (2015) · IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics · doi:10.1109/tmech.2015.2492623 · Cited by 34 · see citing works

How to Ensure Bad Quality in Metal Additive Manufacturing

Slaughter, A., Yampolskiy, M., Matthews, M. J., King, W. E., Guss, G. M., & Elovici, Y. (2017) · International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security (ARES) · doi:10.1145/3098954.3107011 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

fast16 as a Second-Order Subversion AttackPreprint

Bilar, D. Y. (2026) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.19901496 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

Robotized Additive Manufacturing of Funicular Architectural Geometries Based on Building Materials

Lakhal, O., Chettibi, T., Belarouci, A., Dherbomez, G., & Merzouki, R. (2020) · IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics · doi:10.1109/tmech.2020.2974057 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

Introduction to Hardware Trojans

Vosatka, J. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-68511-3_2 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Uncertainty quantification in dimensions dataset of additive manufactured NIST standard test artifact

Mac, G., Pearce, H. A., Karri, R., & Gupta, N. (2021) · Data in Brief · doi:10.1016/j.dib.2021.107286 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

In-situ monitoring of sub-surface and internal defects in additive manufacturing: A review

AbouelNour, Y., & Gupta, N. (2022) · Materials & Design · doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2022.111063 · Cited by 193 · see citing works

Differential Evolution-Based Three Stage Dynamic Cyber-Attack of Cyber-Physical Power Systems

Lu, K., Wu, Z., & Huang, T. (2022) · IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics · doi:10.1109/tmech.2022.3214314 · Cited by 169 · see citing works

A detection model for false data injection attacks in smart grids based on graph spatial features using temporal convolutional neural networks

Wang, X., Hu, M., Luo, X., & Guan, X. (2024) · Electric Power Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2024.111126 · Cited by 42 · see citing works

Generative AI as a catalyst for HRM practices: mediating effects of trust

Prasad, K., & De, T. (2024) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-024-03842-4 · Cited by 81 · see citing works

Needle in a Haystack: Detecting Subtle Malicious Edits to Additive Manufacturing G-Code Files

Beckwith, C., Naicker, H. S., Mehta, S., Udupa, V. R., Nim, N. T., Gadre, V., Pearce, H. A., Mac, G., & Gupta, N. (2021) · IEEE Embedded Systems Letters · doi:10.1109/les.2021.3129108 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

SOK: Side Channel Monitoring for Additive Manufacturing - Bridging Cybersecurity and Quality Assurance Communities

Ahsan, M., Rais, M. H., & Ahmed, I. (2023) · IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy · doi:10.1109/eurosp57164.2023.00071 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Comprehensive Threat Analysis in Additive Manufacturing Supply Chain: A Hybrid Qualitative and Quantitative Risk Assessment Framework

Kumar, M., Epiphaniou, G., & Maple, C. R. (2024) · Production Engineering · doi:10.1007/s11740-024-01283-1 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Needle in a Haystack: Detecting Subtle Malicious Edits to Additive Manufacturing G-code Files

Beckwith, C., Sankar Naicker, H., Mehta, S., Udupa, V. R., Tri Nim, N., Gadre, V., Pearce, H. A., & Mac, G. (2021) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York) · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Detecting Cyber-Attacks Against Cyber-Physical Manufacturing System: A Machining Process Invariant Approach

Li, Z., Chen, X., Chen, Y., Li, S., Wang, H., Lv, S., & Sun, L. (2024) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2024.3358798 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Flexible Performance-Based Neural Network Control for Mechanical Systems Under DoS Attack and Event Triggering

Yong, K., Chen, M., Liu, W., & Wu, Q. (2023) · IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics · doi:10.1109/tmech.2022.3229446 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

A comprehensive review on smart manufacturing using machine learning applicable to fused deposition modeling

Deokar, S. U., Kumar, N., & Singh, R. P. (2025) · Results in Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104941 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

A Synergic Approach of Deep Learning towards Digital Additive Manufacturing: A Review

Pratap, A., Sardana, N., Utomo, S., Ayeelyan, J., Karthikeyan, P., & Hsiung, P. (2022) · Algorithms · doi:10.3390/a15120466 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

MitM attacks on intellectual property and integrity of additive manufacturing systems: A security analysis

Alkofahi, H., Alawneh, H., & Anthony Skjellum, Y. (2024) · Computers & Security · doi:10.1016/j.cose.2024.103810 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Cyberthreats and Security Measures in Drone-Assisted Agriculture

Tychola, K. A., & Rantos, K. (2025) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics14010149 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Security of cyber-physical Additive Manufacturing supply chain: Survey, attack taxonomy and solutions

Kumar, M., Epiphaniou, G., & Maple, C. R. (2025) · Computers & Security · doi:10.1016/j.cose.2025.104557 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Low-Magnitude Infill Structure Manipulation Attacks on Fused Filament Fabrication 3D Printers

Rais, M. H., Ahsan, M., Sharma, V., Barua, R., Prins, R., & Ahmed, I. (2022) · IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-20137-0_8 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Application of micro-computed tomography for authentication of 3D printed composite parts

Mac, G., Mandal, M., Rastogi, A., Gailani, G., Pearce, H. A., & Gupta, N. (2022) · Additive Manufacturing Letters · doi:10.1016/j.addlet.2022.100104 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

MANIPULATION OF G-CODE TOOLPATH FILES IN 3D PRINTERS: ATTACKS AND MITIGATIONS

Kurkowski, E., Stockum, A. V., Dawson, J., Taylor, C. R., Schulz, T., & Shenoi, S. (2022) · IFIP advances in information and communication technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-20137-0_6 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Scalable Security Enforcement for Cyber Physical Systems

Baird, A., Panda, A., Pearce, H. A., Pinisetty, S., & Roop, P. S. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3357714 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Layered Security Guidance for Data Asset Management in Additive Manufacturing

Milaat, F. A., & Lubell, J. (2023) · Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering · doi:10.1115/1.4064128 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Real time 3D reconstruction for enhanced cybersecurity of additive manufacturing processes

Mishra, A. K., Goh, S. Y., Ganapathysubramanian, B., & Krishnamurthy, A. (2025) · Journal of Manufacturing Processes · doi:10.1016/j.jmapro.2025.04.004 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Design for Assurance: Employing Functional Verification Tools for Thwarting Hardware Trojan Threat in 3PIPs

Hu, W., Li, B., Wu, L., Li, Y., Li, X., & Hong, L. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing · doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3604607 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

4D printing for energy storage systems: A transformative manufacturing paradigm

Zhaxybayeva, J., Anish, J., Muhammad, S., Carvalho, J. D. C., Singh, R., Dudar, N., & Chadha, U. (2026) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2026.121542 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Dual-attention-based spatio-temporal detection model against false data injection attacks in smart grids

Wang, X., Li, Y., Luo, X., & Guan, X. (2025) · International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems · doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2025.111156 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

On cyber sabotage risks in automated manufacturing of advanced composites

Mittal, S., Pearce, H. A., Yampolskiy, M., Oromiehie, E., & Prusty, B. G. (2025) · Additive Manufacturing Letters · doi:10.1016/j.addlet.2025.100280 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Machine learning-based early detection of malicious G-code manipulations in 3D printing

Ali, H. S., Cano, A., & Ahmed, I. (2025) · Journal of Manufacturing Processes · doi:10.1016/j.jmapro.2025.04.012 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Induced alterations driven compromised structural properties in additively manufactured products

Haghnegahdar, L., Joshi, S. S., Venkata, R. Y., Riley, D. A., & Dahotre, N. B. (2024) · Rapid Prototyping Journal · doi:10.1108/rpj-07-2023-0236 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Cyberattacks and Cybersecurity in Additive Manufacturing

Wang, L., Mosher, R. L., & Duett, P. (2024) · IEEE SoutheastCon · doi:10.1109/southeastcon52093.2024.10500033 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Enhancing 3D Printing Infill Quality through Advanced Machine Learning

Wang, A., Wei, A.-T., Wang, H., & Chi, H. (2024) · International Conference on Electronics, Computers and Artificial Intelligence (ECAI) · doi:10.1109/ecai61503.2024.10607535 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Sabotaging Material Extrusion-Based 3D Printed Parts through Low-Magnitude Kinetic Manipulation Attacks

Rais, M. H., Ahsan, M., & Ahmed, I. (2022) · ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems · doi:10.1145/3704735 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Offramps: An FPGA-Based Intermediary for Analysis and Modification of Additive Manufacturing Control Systems

Blocklove, J., Raz, M., Roy, P. B., Pearce, H. A., Krishnamurthy, P., Khorrami, F., & Karri, R. (2024) · International Conference on Dependable Systems & Networks/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/dsn58291.2024.00057 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Operational resilience of additively manufactured parts to stealthy cyberphysical attacks using geometric and process digital twins

Cleeman, J., Jackson, A., Patel, A., Wang, Z., Feldhausen, T. A., Shao, C., Xu, H., & Malhotra, R. (2025) · Journal of Manufacturing Systems · doi:10.1016/j.jmsy.2025.10.009 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Machine learning recovers corrupted pharmaceutical 3D printing formulation data

Uddin, O., Mohammed, Y. A., Gaisford, S., & Elbadawi, M. (2025) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.126403 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

PowerGuard: Using Power Side-Channel Signals to Secure Motion Controllers in ICS

Li, S., Chen, Y., Chen, X., Li, Z., Fang, D., Liu, K., Lv, S., & Sun, L. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · doi:10.1109/tifs.2024.3451362 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

ATTACK-DEFENSE MODELING OF MATERIAL EXTRUSION ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS

Stockum, A. V., Kurkowski, E., Potok, T., Taylor, C. R., Dawson, J., Rice, M., & Shenoi, S. (2022) · IFIP advances in information and communication technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-20137-0_5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

DETECTING PART ANOMALIES INDUCED BY CYBER ATTACKS ON A POWDER BED FUSION ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING SYSTEM

Kurkowski, E., Rice, M., & Shenoi, S. (2022) · IFIP advances in information and communication technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-20137-0_7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

An End-to-End Framework for Verifying and Validating Manufacturing Design Integrity

Jablonski, M., Everett, K., Ciocarlie, G. F., Đurić, Z., Hathhorn, C., Kimmell, J., Orlyanchik, V., Prevost, J. J., Robertson, G., Taylor, C., et al. (2025) · IFIP advances in information and communication technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-81888-2_5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

AVOID: Automated Void Detection in STL Files

Roscoe, S., Hellbusch, L., Gunawardena, C., Deogun, J. S., Srisa‐an, W., Qian, Y., & Ciocarlie, G. F. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing · doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3573652 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

3D Bioprinter Firmware Attacks: Categorization, Implementation, and Impacts

Ahsan, M., Najarro-Blancas, B., Ebode, J. T., Lewinski, N. A., & Ahmed, I. (2025) · IEEE International Symposium on Hardware Oriented Security and Trust (HOST) · doi:10.1109/host64725.2025.11050047 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Monitoring energy consumption for cyberattack detection in additive manufacturing systems

Truong, X.-P., Jeon, H., Wang, Y., & Hong, S. H. (2025) · The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology · doi:10.1007/s00170-025-16551-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

BioSaFe: Bioprinting Security Framework for Detecting Sabotage Attacks on Printability and Cell Viability

Ahsan, M., Pak, E., Jackson, K., Rais, M. H., Najarro-Blancas, B., Lewinski, N. A., & Ahmed, I. (2024) · Annual Computer Security Applications Conference · doi:10.1109/acsac63791.2024.00036 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Firewall3D: A Hardware Firewall for Defending 3D Printers Against Firmware Attacks

Asgar, S. A. G., & Reddy, N. (2026) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.10484

2022 Index IEEE-ASME Transactions on Mechatronics Vol. 27

(2022) · IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics · doi:10.1109/tmech.2022.3231757

Cyber-Attack Vectors Focused on Additive Manufacturing

Šlajs, T., Klaban, I., & Františ, P. (2023) · Communication and Information Technologies (KIT) · doi:10.1109/kit59097.2023.10297115

Cyber-Physical Attack Detection in Additive Manufacturing: An LSTM-Based Autoencoder Approach Using Reconstruction Error Analysis from Side-Channel Monitoring

Chithras, T., Brijesh, K. J., Paul, M. M. R., Karthick, S., Bhuvanesh, A., & Keerthanadevi, R. (2024) · IEEE International Women in Engineering (WIE) Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (WIECON-ECE) · doi:10.1109/wiecon-ece64149.2024.10915180

Current Limitations and Future Directions

Gupta, N., & Beckwith, C. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-98330-6_6

CNCFuzzer: Directed Black-Box Fuzzing of Computer Numerical Control System Based on Message Behaviour Guidance

Li, Z., Fang, D., Chen, Y., Li, S., Peng, J., Song, Z., Lv, S., & Sun, L. (2025) · ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology · doi:10.1145/3771764

Smart manufacturing towards cyber-physical resilience in 3D printing process monitoring and anomaly detection

Mamun, A. A., Kuzlu, M., Jovanović, V., & Sealy, W. (2025) · The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology · doi:10.1007/s00170-025-16795-y

AI assisted mechanical and performance testing of lightweight composites

Gupta, N., & Chen, G.-L. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-18852-7.00008-7

Meta-Path and Meta-Graph Analysis for Attack Path Identification in Additive Manufacturing Supply ChainPreprint

Kumar, M., Epiphaniou, G., & Maple, C. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5477707

Physics-Guided Deep Learning Agent for Pre-fabrication Recovery of Compromised Digital Geometries in Resilient Cyber ManufacturingPreprint

Nguyen, H. L., Feng, Z., Yuan, H. B., & Xu, H. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6098689

Firmware, Dependability, and Trust

Michael, J. B. (2026) · Computer · doi:10.1109/mc.2025.3650406

QuietPrint: Protecting 3D Printers Against Acoustic Side-Channel Attacks

Ghazi Asgar, S. A., & Reddy, N. (2026) · Proceedings of the 12th ACM Cyber-Physical System Security Workshop · doi:10.1145/3775042.3807880

SCREAM: Secure Channels for Real-time Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing

Basu Roy, P., Blocklove, J., Bhargava, M., Pearce, H., Krishnamurthy, P., Sinanoglu, O., Gupta, N., Khorrami, F., & Karri, R. (2026) · Proceedings of the ACM Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security · doi:10.1145/3779208.3805981

Novel Digital Twins for Stoppage-free Operational Recovery from Stealthy Cyberphysical Attacks

Cleeman, J., Patel, A., Jackson, A., Wang, Z., Xu, L., Xu, H., & Malhotra, R. (2026) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2026.03.230

Cybersecure Trusted Data Flow in Additive Manufacturing Through Blockchain-Based Provenance and Decentralized Storage

Khan, L., Mahmood, M. A., Sparks, T. E., & Liou, F. (2026) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app162010367

Characterizing and Defending Against Cyber Security Vulnerabilities in Additive Manufacturing

Kessel, B. (2015) · doi:10.18130/v3038c · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Material extrusion-based additive manufacturing: G-code and firmware attacks and Defense frameworks

Rais, H. (2023) · VCU Scholars Compass (Virginia Commonwealth University) · doi:10.25772/nwsh-b946 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

MitM attacks on intellectual property and integrity of additive manufacturing systems: A security analysis

Alkofahi, H., Alawneh, H., & Anthony Skjellum, Y. (2024) · Computers & Security · doi:10.1016/j.cose.2024.103810 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

dr0wned - Cyber-Physical Attack with Additive ManufacturingPreprint

Belikovetsky, S., Yampolskiy, M., Toh, J., & Elovici, Y. (2016) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1609.00133 · Cited by 38 · see citing works

Induced alterations driven compromised structural properties in additively manufactured products

Haghnegahdar, L., Joshi, S. S., Venkata, R. Y., Riley, D. A., & Dahotre, N. B. (2024) · Rapid Prototyping Journal · doi:10.1108/rpj-07-2023-0236 · Cited by 3 · see citing works