The DOI matches its Crossref record; 124 of the 125 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Algae: Critical Sources of Very Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Open accessAbstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which are divided into n-3 and n-6 classes, are essential for good health in humans and many animals. They are metabolised to lipid mediators, such as eicosanoids, resolvins and protectins. Increasing interest has been paid to the 20 or 22 carbon very long chain PUFAs, since these compounds can be used to form lipid mediators and, thus, avoid inefficient formation of dietary plant PUFAs. The ultimate sources of very long chain PUFAs are algae, which are consumed by fish and then by humans. In this review, I describe the biosynthesis of very long chain PUFAs by algae and how this synthesis can be manipulated for commercial purposes. Ultimately, the production of algal oils is critical for ecosystems worldwide, as well as for human dietary lipids.
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![Figure 1 n-3 and n-6 fatty acid metabolism. Taken from [1], with permission. Lipids: Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Health, 6th ed. Gurr, M.I.; Harwood, J.L.; Frayn, K.N.; Murphy, D.J.; Michell, R.H. Wiley/Blackwell: Oxford, UK, 2016.](/paper-figures/4d29f3373a8f4bccbc856ece138444bf/algae-critical-sources-of-very-long-chain-polyunsaturated-fatty-acids-figure-1.jpg)
![Figure 2 Overall pathway for the conversion of essential fatty acids into eicosanoids. Taken from [1], with permission. Lipids: Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Health, 6th ed. Gurr, M.I.; Harwood, J.L.; Frayn, K.N.; Murphy, D.J.; Michell, R.H. Wiley/Blackwell: Oxford, UK, 2016.](/paper-figures/72aa064a8b904e9798a663d63a600388/algae-critical-sources-of-very-long-chain-polyunsaturated-fatty-acids-figure-2.jpg)
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1 retracted
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Balić, A., Vlašić, D., Žužul, K., Marinović, B., & Bukvić Mokos, Z. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21030741 · Cited by 400
Mariamenatu, A. H., & Abdu, E. M. (2021) · Journal of Lipids · doi:10.1155/2021/8848161 · Cited by 393
Fatty Acids of Microalgae: Diversity and Applications
Maltsev, Y., & Maltseva, K. (2021) · Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology · doi:10.1007/s11157-021-09571-3 · Cited by 226
Oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids to produce lipid mediators
Christie, W. W., & Harwood, J. L. (2020) · Essays in Biochemistry · doi:10.1042/ebc20190082 · Cited by 231
Self-citationMaschmeyer, T., Luque, R., & Selva, M. (2020) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/c9cs00653b · Cited by 185
Metadata
- Authors
- Harwood, J.
- Affiliations
- Cardiff University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Harwood, John
- ORCID
- Harwood, John
- Venue
- Biomolecules
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-11-06
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 708
- ISSN
- 2218-273X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6920940
- OpenAlex
- W2988479009
- Cited by
- 171
- References
- 125
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 15
- FWCI
- 0.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biomolecules (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Natural Environment Research Council (N/A)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Lipid metabolism and biosynthesis
- Keywords
- very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, algae, fatty acid synthesis, lipid mediators, eicosanoids, resolvins, protectins, algal oil, omega-3 fatty acids, omega-6 fatty acids, fish consumption, dietary fat
- MeSH terms
- Chlorophyta, Fatty Acids, Unsaturated, Plant Oils
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