Cited by 171Algal biology and biofuel productionFatty Acid Research and HealthLipid metabolism and biosynthesis

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 124 of the 125 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Algae: Critical Sources of Very Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Open access

Harwood, John·2019·Biomolecules

DOI 10.3390/biom9110708PMC PMC6920940

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which are divided into n-3 and n-6 classes, are essential for good health in humans and many animals. They are metabolised to lipid mediators, such as eicosanoids, resolvins and protectins. Increasing interest has been paid to the 20 or 22 carbon very long chain PUFAs, since these compounds can be used to form lipid mediators and, thus, avoid inefficient formation of dietary plant PUFAs. The ultimate sources of very long chain PUFAs are algae, which are consumed by fish and then by humans. In this review, I describe the biosynthesis of very long chain PUFAs by algae and how this synthesis can be manipulated for commercial purposes. Ultimately, the production of algal oils is critical for ecosystems worldwide, as well as for human dietary lipids.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/biom9110708

Cites

124 of 124 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

1 retracted

Effects ofn-3 fatty acids on cartilage metabolism
Curtis, C. L., Rees, S., Cramp, J., Flannery, C. R., Hughes, C., Little, C. B., Williams, R., Wilson, C., Dent, C., Harwood, J. L., et al. (2002) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1079/pns2002174 · Cited by 59
Self-citation
Retracted
Commercial Applications of Microalgae
Spolaore, P., Joannis-Cassan, C., Duran, E., & Isambert, A. (2006) · Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering · doi:10.1263/jbb.101.87 · Cited by 4,285
Microalgal triacylglycerols as feedstocks for biofuel production: perspectives and advances
Hu, Q., Sommerfeld, M., Jarvis, E., Ghirardi, M., Posewitz, M., Seibert, M., & Darzins, A. (2008) · The Plant Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03492.x · Cited by 3,745
Cardiovascular Risk Reduction with Icosapent Ethyl for Hypertriglyceridemia
Bhatt, D. L., Steg, P. G., Miller, M., Brinton, E. A., Jacobson, T. A., Ketchum, S. B., Doyle, R. T., Juliano, R. A., Jiao, L., Granowitz, C., et al. (2019) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1812792 · Cited by 3,317
Resolving inflammation: dual anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution lipid mediators
Serhan, C. N., Chiang, N., & Van Dyke, T. E. (2008) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2294 · Cited by 2,932
Polyunsaturated fatty acids and their metabolites in brain function and disease
Bazinet, R. P., & Layé, S. (2014) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3820 · Cited by 1,703
Acyl-Lipid Metabolism
Li‐Beisson, Y., Shorrosh, B. S., Beisson, F., Andersson, M. X., Arondel, V., Bates, P. D., Baud, S., Bird, D. A., DeBono, A., Durrett, T. P., et al. (2013) · The Arabidopsis Book · doi:10.1199/tab.0161 · Cited by 1,575
The Opposing Effects of N-3 and n-6 Fatty Acids
Schmitz, G., & Ecker, J. (2008) · Progress in Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2007.12.004 · Cited by 1,245
A NEW DEFICIENCY DISEASE PRODUCED BY THE RIGID EXCLUSION OF FAT FROM THE DIET
Burr, G. O., & Burr, M. M. (1929) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(20)78281-5 · Cited by 1,170
Consumption of Fish and n-3 Fatty Acids and Risk of Incident Alzheimer Disease
Morris, M. C., Evans, D. A., Bienias, J. L., Tangney, C. C., Bennett, D. A., Wilson, R. S., Aggarwal, N., & Schneider, J. (2003) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.60.7.940 · Cited by 1,135
Lipids and lipid metabolism in eukaryotic algae
Guschina, I. A., & Harwood, J. L. (2006) · Progress in Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2006.01.001 · Cited by 1,110
Self-citation
ON THE NATURE AND RÔLE OF THE FATTY ACIDS ESSENTIAL IN NUTRITION
Burr, G. O., & Burr, M. M. (1930) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(20)78929-5 · Cited by 981
Conversion of α -linolenic acid to longer-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human adults
Burdge, G. C., & Calder, P. C. (2005) · Reproduction Nutrition Development · doi:10.1051/rnd:2005047 · Cited by 939
Dietary fat intake and the risk of incident dementia in the Rotterdam study
Kalmijn, S., Launer, L. J., Ott, A., Witteman, J. C. M., Hofman, A., & Breteler, M. M. B. (1997) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410420514 · Cited by 895
Marine Fish Population Collapses: Consequences for Recovery and Extinction Risk
Hutchings, J. A., & Reynolds, J. D. (2004) · BioScience · doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0297:mfpccf]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 792
Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and aquaculture in perspective
Tocher, D. R. (2015) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.01.010 · Cited by 784
Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and immunity
Calder, P. C. (2001) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/s11745-001-0812-7 · Cited by 784
Production of polyunsaturated fatty acids by polyketide synthases in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Metz, J. G., Roessler, P., Facciotti, D., Levering, C., Dittrich, F., Lassner, M., Valentine, R., Lardizabal, K., Domergue, F., Yamada, A., et al. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1059593 · Cited by 760
Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation and immunity
Calder, P. C., & Grimble, R. F. (2002) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601478 · Cited by 751
ω-3 Fatty Acid Treatment in 174 Patients With Mild to Moderate Alzheimer Disease: OmegAD Study: A Randomized Double-blind Trial
Freund-Levi, Y., Eriksdotter-Jönhagen, M., Cederholm, T., Basun, H., Faxén-Irving, G., Garlind, A., Vedin, I., Vessby, B., Wahlund, L.-O., & Palmblad, J. (2006) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.63.10.1402 · Cited by 751
Batch kinetics of nitrogen and phosphorus removal from synthetic wastewater by algae
Aslan, S., & Karapınar, İ. (2006) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2006.04.003 · Cited by 749
The metabolism of 7,10,13,16,19-docosapentaenoic acid to 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid in rat liver is independent of a 4-desaturase.
Voss, A., Reinhart, M., Sankarappa, S. K., & Sprecher, H. W. (1991) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54882-1 · Cited by 665
Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammation
Calder, P. C. (2006) · Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2006.05.012 · Cited by 660
Microalgal biofactories: A promising approach towards sustainable omega-3 fatty acid production
Adarme-Vega, T. C., Lim, D. K. Y., Timmins, M., Vernen, F., Li, Y., & Schenk, P. M. (2012) · Microbial Cell Factories · doi:10.1186/1475-2859-11-96 · Cited by 641
Mechanisms underlying the cardioprotective effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
Adkins, Y. C., & Kelley, D. S. (2010) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.12.004 · Cited by 577
Healthy intakes of n−3 and n–6 fatty acids: estimations considering worldwide diversity
Hibbeln, J. R., Nieminen, L. R. G., Blasbalg, T. L., Riggs, J. A., & Lands, W. E. M. (2006) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1483s · Cited by 538
Fatty acid profiles and their distribution patterns in microalgae: a comprehensive analysis of more than 2000 strains from the SAG culture collection
Lang, I., Hodač, L., Friedl, T., & Feußner, I. (2011) · BMC Plant Biology · doi:10.1186/1471-2229-11-124 · Cited by 499
Impact of sustainable feeds on omega-3 long-chain fatty acid levels in farmed Atlantic salmon, 2006–2015
Sprague, M., Dick, J. R., & Tocher, D. R. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep21892 · Cited by 496
Fish, meat, and risk of dementia: cohort study
Barberger‐Gateau, P. (2002) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7370.932 · Cited by 486
Genome, Functional Gene Annotation, and Nuclear Transformation of the Heterokont Oleaginous Alga Nannochloropsis oceanica CCMP1779
Vieler, A., Wu, G., Tsai, C.-H., Bullard, B., Cornish, A. J., Harvey, C., Reca, I.-B., Thornburg, C., Achawanantakun, R., Buehl, C. J., et al. (2012) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003064 · Cited by 458
The lipid biochemistry of eukaryotic algae
Li-Beisson, Y., Thelen, J. J., Fedosejevs, E., & Harwood, J. L. (2019) · Progress in Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2019.01.003 · Cited by 453
Self-citation
Lipid composition and food quality of some freshwater phytoplankton for cladoceran zooplankters
Ahlgren, G., Lundstedt, L., Brett, M., & Forsberg, C. (1990) · Journal of Plankton Research · doi:10.1093/plankt/12.4.809 · Cited by 449
Fatty acid composition of 12 microalgae for possible use in aquaculture feed
Patil, V., Källqvist, T., Olsen, E. F., Vogt, G., & Gislerød, H. R. (2006) · Aquaculture International · doi:10.1007/s10499-006-9060-3 · Cited by 437
The effect of phosphate starvation on the lipid and fatty acid composition of the fresh water eustigmatophyte Monodus subterraneus
Khozin‐Goldberg, I., & Cohen, Z. (2006) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.01.010 · Cited by 427
Very long-chain n -3 fatty acids and human health: fact, fiction and the future
Calder, P. C. (2018) · Proceedings of the Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665117003950 · Cited by 419
Three Acyltransferases and Nitrogen-responsive Regulator Are Implicated in Nitrogen Starvation-induced Triacylglycerol Accumulation in Chlamydomonas
Boyle, N. R., Page, M. D., Liu, B., Blaby, I. K., Casero, D., Kropat, J., Cokus, S. J., Hong‐Hermesdorf, A., Shaw, J., Karpowicz, S. J., et al. (2012) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m111.334052 · Cited by 416
Dietary reference intakes for DHA and EPA
Kris‐Etherton, P. M., Grieger, J. A., & Etherton, T. D. (2009) · Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2009.05.011 · Cited by 413
Membrane Glycerolipid Remodeling Triggered by Nitrogen and Phosphorus Starvation inPhaeodactylum tricornutum
Abida, H., Dolch, L.-J., Meï, C., Villanova, V., Conte, M., Block, M. A., Finazzi, G., Bastien, O., Tirichine, L., Bowler, C., et al. (2014) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1104/pp.114.252395 · Cited by 387
Heterotrophic production of eicosapentaenoic acid by microalgae
Wen, Z.-Y., & Chen, F. (2003) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/s0734-9750(03)00051-x · Cited by 372
Growth of and omega-3 fatty acid production by Phaeodactylum tricornutum under different culture conditions
Yongmanitchai, W., & Ward, O. P. (1991) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.57.2.419-425.1991 · Cited by 371
The Response of Nannochloropsis gaditana to Nitrogen Starvation Includes De Novo Biosynthesis of Triacylglycerols, a Decrease of Chloroplast Galactolipids, and Reorganization of the Photosynthetic Apparatus
Simionato, D., Block, M. A., Rocca, N. L., Jouhet, J., Maréchal, É., Finazzi, G., & Morosinotto, T. (2013) · Eukaryotic Cell · doi:10.1128/ec.00363-12 · Cited by 366
Successful high‐level accumulation of fish oil omega‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in a transgenic oilseed crop
Ruiz‐López, N., Haslam, R. P., Napier, J. A., & Sayanova, O. V. (2013) · The Plant Journal · doi:10.1111/tpj.12378 · Cited by 358
The versatility of algae and their lipid metabolism
Harwood, J. L., & Guschina, I. A. (2008) · Biochimie · doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2008.11.004 · Cited by 348
Self-citation
Emerging roles of resolvins in the resolution of inflammation and pain
Ji, R., Xu, Z., Strichartz, G. R., & Serhan, C. N. (2011) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2011.08.005 · Cited by 345
Old and new generation lipid mediators in acute inflammation and resolution
Stables, M. J., & Gilroy, D. W. (2010) · Progress in Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2010.07.005 · Cited by 343
Health benefits of dietary marine DHA/EPA-enriched glycerophospholipids
Zhang, T.-T., Xu, J., Wang, Y.-M., & Xue, C.-H. (2019) · Progress in Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2019.100997 · Cited by 339
TAG, You’re it! Chlamydomonas as a reference organism for understanding algal triacylglycerol accumulation
Merchant, S., Kropat, J., Liu, B., Shaw, J., & Warakanont, J. (2011) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2011.12.001 · Cited by 337
A techno-economic analysis of industrial production of marine microalgae as a source of EPA and DHA-rich raw material for aquafeed: Research challenges and possibilities
Chauton, M. S., Reitan, K. I., Norsker, N. H., Tveterås, R., & Kleivdal, H. T. (2015) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.10.038 · Cited by 323
Metabolic engineering of Phaeodactylum tricornutum for the enhanced accumulation of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids
Hamilton, M. L., Haslam, R. P., Napier, J. A., & Sayanova, O. V. (2013) · Metabolic Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ymben.2013.12.003 · Cited by 316
Polyunsaturated fatty acids in various macroalgal species from north Atlantic and tropical seas
van Ginneken, V. J., Helsper, J. P. F. G., de Visser, W., van Keulen, H., & Brandenburg, W. A. (2011) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/1476-511x-10-104 · Cited by 314
Stepwise engineering to produce high yields of very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in plants
Wu, G., Truksa, M., Datla, N., Vrinten, P., Bauer, J., Zank, T., Cirpus, P., Heinz, E., & Qiu, X. (2005) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt1107 · Cited by 310
Metabolism of acyl‐lipids in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Li‐Beisson, Y., Beisson, F., & Riekhof, W. (2015) · The Plant Journal · doi:10.1111/tpj.12787 · Cited by 310
Fatty Acid and Lipid Transport in Plant Cells
Li, N., Xu, C., Li‐Beisson, Y., & Philippar, K. (2015) · Trends in Plant Science · doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2015.10.011 · Cited by 298
Lipid metabolism in microalgae distinguishes itself
Liu, B., & Benning, C. (2012) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2012.08.008 · Cited by 294
Is docosahexaenoic acid synthesis from α-linolenic acid sufficient to supply the adult brain?
Domenichiello, A. F., Kitson, A. P., & Bazinet, R. P. (2015) · Progress in Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2015.04.002 · Cited by 268
Highly unsaturated fatty acids in nature: what we know and what we need to learn
Twining, C. W., Brenna, J. T., Hairston, N. G., & Flecker, A. S. (2015) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.02910 · Cited by 259
New pro-resolving n-3 mediators bridge resolution of infectious inflammation to tissue regeneration
Serhan, C. N., Chiang, N., & Dalli, J. (2017) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2017.08.002 · Cited by 253
Problems with essential fatty acids: time for a new paradigm?
Cunnane, S. C. (2003) · Progress in Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0163-7827(03)00038-9 · Cited by 252
Omega-3 fatty acids, pro-inflammatory signaling and neuroprotection
Bazan, N. G. (2007) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0b013e32802b7030 · Cited by 252
Towards sustainable sources for omega-3 fatty acids production
Adarme-Vega, T. C., Thomas-Hall, S. R., & Schenk, P. M. (2014) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2013.08.003 · Cited by 250
Remodeling of intermediate metabolism in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum under nitrogen stress
Levitan, O., Dinamarca, J., Zelzion, E., Lun, D. S., Guerra, T., Kim, M. K., Kim, J., Mooy, B. A. S. V., Bhattacharya, D., & Falkowski, P. G. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1419818112 · Cited by 247
Pathways of Lipid Metabolism in Marine Algae, Co-Expression Network, Bottlenecks and Candidate Genes for Enhanced Production of EPA and DHA in Species of Chromista
Mühlroth, A., Li, K., Røkke, G. B., Winge, P., Ôlsen, Y., Hohmann‐Marriott, M. F., Vadstein, Ô., & Bones, A. M. (2013) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md11114662 · Cited by 233
Annotation of Genes Involved in Glycerolipid Biosynthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii : Discovery of the Betaine Lipid Synthase BTA1 Cr
Riekhof, W. R., Sears, B. B., & Benning, C. (2005) · Eukaryotic Cell · doi:10.1128/ec.4.2.242-252.2005 · Cited by 229
Current trends to comprehend lipid metabolism in diatoms
Zulu, N. N., Zienkiewicz, K., Vollheyde, K., & Feussner, I. (2018) · Progress in Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2018.03.001 · Cited by 226
LC-PUFA from photosynthetic microalgae: occurrence, biosynthesis, and prospects in biotechnology
Khozin‐Goldberg, I., Iskandarov, U., & Cohen, Z. (2011) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-011-3441-x · Cited by 222
Docosahexaenoic acid-concentrated fish oil supplementation in subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI): a 12-month randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Lee, L. K., Shahar, S., Chin, A.-V., & Yusoff, N. A. M. (2013) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2848-0 · Cited by 219
The efficacy and safety of nutrient supplements in the treatment of mental disorders: a meta-review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials
Firth, J., Teasdale, S. B., Allott, K., Siskind, D., Marx, W., Cotter, J., Veronese, N., Schuch, F., Smith, L., Solmi, M., et al. (2019) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20672 · Cited by 214
Metabolic regulation of triacylglycerol accumulation in the green algae: identification of potential targets for engineering to improve oil yield
Gonçalves, E., Wilkie, A. C., Kirst, M., & Rathinasabapathi, B. (2016) · Plant Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1111/pbi.12523 · Cited by 212
Fatty acids from 11 marine macroalgae of the French Brittany coast
Fleurence, J., Gutbier, G., Mabeau, S., & Leray, C. (1994) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1007/bf02182406 · Cited by 203
Lipidomic and transcriptomic analyses ofChlamydomonas reinhardtiiunder heat stress unveil a direct route for the conversion of membrane lipids into storage lipids
Légeret, B., Schulz‐Raffelt, M., Nguyen, H. M., Auroy, P., Beisson, F., Peltier, G., Blanc, G., & Li‐Beisson, Y. (2015) · Plant Cell & Environment · doi:10.1111/pce.12656 · Cited by 184
Biochemical versus mineral limitation in Daphnia
Müller‐Navarra, D. C. (1995) · Limnology and Oceanography · doi:10.4319/lo.1995.40.7.1209 · Cited by 181
Lipid Metabolism in Algae
Harwood, J. L., & Jones, A. L. (1989) · Advances in botanical research · doi:10.1016/s0065-2296(08)60238-4 · Cited by 174
Self-citation
Projected declines in global DHA availability for human consumption as a result of global warming
Colombo, S. M., Rodgers, T. F. M., Diamond, M. L., Bazinet, R. P., & Arts, M. T. (2019) · AMBIO · doi:10.1007/s13280-019-01234-6 · Cited by 171
How relevant is the ratio of dietary n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids to cardiovascular disease risk? Evidence from the OPTILIP study
Griffin, B. A. (2008) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0b013e3282f2e2a8 · Cited by 168
Ecophysiological considerations in the optimization of eicosapentaenoic acid production by Nannochloropsis sp. (Eustigmatophyceae)
Sukenik, A. (1991) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/0960-8524(91)90123-2 · Cited by 167
Evolution of galactoglycerolipid biosynthetic pathways – From cyanobacteria to primary plastids and from primary to secondary plastids
Petroutsos, D., Amiar, S., Abida, H., Dolch, L.-J., Bastien, O., Rébeillé, F., Jouhet, J., Falconet, D., Block, M. A., McFadden, G. I., et al. (2014) · Progress in Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2014.02.001 · Cited by 165
A NEW DEFICIENCY DISEASE PRODUCED BY THE RIGID EXCLUSION OF FAT FROM THE DIET
Burr, G. O., & Burr, M. M. (2009) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1973.tb06008.x · Cited by 161
Unraveling algal lipid metabolism: Recent advances in gene identification
Khozin‐Goldberg, I., & Cohen, Z. (2010) · Biochimie · doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2010.07.020 · Cited by 160
Effects of dietary vegetable oil on atlantic salmon hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and liver fatty acid compositions
Tocher, D. R., Bell, J. G., Dick, J. R., & Crampton, V. O. (2003) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/s11745-003-1120-y · Cited by 159
Crypthecodinium cohnii and Schizochytrium sp. as potential substitutes to fisheries-derived oils from seabream (Sparus aurata) microdiets
Ganuza, E., Benítez-Santana, T., Atalah, E., Vega-Orellana, O., Ganga, R., & Izquierdo, M. S. (2008) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.02.005 · Cited by 159
Metabolic Engineering Plant Seeds with Fish Oil-Like Levels of DHA
Petrie, J. R., Shrestha, P., Zhou, X., Mansour, M. P., Liu, Q., Belide, S., Nichols, P. D., & Singh, S. P. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049165 · Cited by 157
Modulation of lipid biosynthesis by stress in diatoms
Sayanova, O. V., Mimouni, V., Ulmann, L., Morant-Manceau, A., Pasquet, V., Schoefs, B., & Napier, J. A. (2017) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0407 · Cited by 156
Triacylglycerol Accumulation in Photosynthetic Cells in Plants and Algae
Du, Z., & Benning, C. (2016) · Sub-cellular biochemistry/Subcellular biochemistry · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-25979-6_8 · Cited by 148
Historical perspectives on the impact of n-3 and n-6 nutrients on health
Lands, B. (2014) · Progress in Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2014.04.002 · Cited by 142
Targeted lipidomic strategies for oxygenated metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids
Astarita, G., Kendall, A. C., Dennis, E. A., & Nicolaou, A. (2014) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids · doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.11.012 · Cited by 140
Dietary Fish and Fish Oil and the Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rosell, M., Wesley, A., Rydin, K., Klareskog, L., & Alfredsson, L. S. (2009) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e3181b5f0ce · Cited by 134
Recent developments in the commercial production of DHA and EPA rich oils from micro-algae
Winwood, R. J. (2013) · OCL · doi:10.1051/ocl/2013030 · Cited by 128
The Chlamydomonas heat stress response
Schroda, M., Hemme, D., & Mühlhaus, T. (2015) · The Plant Journal · doi:10.1111/tpj.12816 · Cited by 127
Canola engineered with a microalgal polyketide synthase-like system produces oil enriched in docosahexaenoic acid
Walsh, T. A., Bevan, S. A., Gachotte, D. J., Larsen, C. M., Moskal, W. A., Merlo, P. A. O., Sidorenko, L. V., Hampton, R. E., Stoltz, V., Pareddy, D. R., et al. (2016) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.3585 · Cited by 117
Elucidation of the Biosynthesis of Eicosapentaenoic Acid in the Microalga Porphyridium cruentum (II. Studies with Radiolabeled Precursors)
Khozin‐Goldberg, I., Adlerstein, D., Bigongo, C., Heimer, Y. M., & Cohen, Z. (1997) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1104/pp.114.1.223 · Cited by 114
UK Food Standards Agency Workshop Report: the effects of the dietaryn-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio on cardiovascular health
Stanley, J. C., Elsom, R. L., Calder, P. C., Griffin, B. A., Harris, W. S., Jebb, S. A., Lovegrove, J. A., Moore, C. S., Riemersma, R. A., & Sanders, T. A. B. (2007) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s000711450784284x · Cited by 113
N-Docosahexaenoylethanolamine: A neurotrophic and neuroprotective metabolite of docosahexaenoic acid
Kim, H., & Spector, A. A. (2018) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2018.03.004 · Cited by 112
Updates to the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis pathway: DHA synthesis rates, tetracosahexaenoic acid and (minimal) retroconversion
Metherel, A. H., & Bazinet, R. P. (2019) · Progress in Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2019.101008 · Cited by 112
Single Cell Oils for the 21st Century
Ratledge, C. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-893997-73-8.50005-0 · Cited by 105
The Sulfolipids 2′-O-Acyl-Sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol and Sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol Are Absent from aChlamydomonas reinhardtiiMutant Deleted inSQD1
Riekhof, W. R., Ruckle, M. E., Lydic, T. A., Sears, B. B., & Christoph Benning, A. (2003) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1104/pp.103.029249 · Cited by 99
Development of a Docosahexaenoic Acid Production Technology Using Schizochytrium: Historical Perspective and Update
Barclay, W., Weaver, C. A., Metz, J. G., & Hansen, J. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-893997-73-8.50008-6 · Cited by 94
Transgenic plants as a sustainable, terrestrial source of fish oils
Napier, J. A., Usher, S. L., Haslam, R. P., Ruiz‐López, N., & Sayanova, O. V. (2015) · European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/ejlt.201400452 · Cited by 89
Field trial evaluation of the accumulation of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in transgenic Camelina sativa: Making fish oil substitutes in plants
Usher, S. L., Haslam, R. P., Ruiz‐López, N., Sayanova, O. V., & Napier, J. A. (2015) · Metabolic Engineering Communications · doi:10.1016/j.meteno.2015.04.002 · Cited by 89
Food quality effects of unsaturated fatty acids on larvae of the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha
Wacker, A., Becher, P. G., & von Elert, E. (2002) · Limnology and Oceanography · doi:10.4319/lo.2002.47.4.1242 · Cited by 86
RISING WATER TEMPERATURES ALTER LIPID DYNAMICS AND REDUCE N-3 ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID CONCENTRATIONS IN SCENEDESMUS OBLIQUUS (CHLOROPHYTA)1
Fuschino, J. R., Guschina, I. A., Dobson, G., Yan, N. D., Harwood, J. L., & Arts, M. T. (2011) · Journal of Phycology · doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.01024.x · Cited by 85
Self-citation
The role of Odontella aurita, a marine diatom rich in EPA, as a dietary supplement in dyslipidemia, platelet function and oxidative stress in high-fat fed rats
Haimeur, A., Ulmann, L., Mimouni, V., Guéno, F., Pineau‐Vincent, F., Meskini, N., & Tremblin, G. (2012) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/1476-511x-11-147 · Cited by 84
Long-chain omega-3 specialty oils
Breivik, H. (2007) · Woodhead Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1533/9780857097897 · Cited by 84
Dietary DHA supplementation causes selective changes in phospholipids from different brain regions in both wild type mice and the Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease
Bascoul-Colombo, C., Guschina, I. A., Maskrey, B. H., Good, M. A., O’Donnell, V. B., & Harwood, J. L. (2016) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids · doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.03.005 · Cited by 79
Self-citation
Growth, lipid production and metabolic adjustments in the euryhaline eustigmatophyte Nannochloropsis oceanica CCALA 804 in response to osmotic downshift
Pal‐Nath, D., Khozin‐Goldberg, I., Didi‐Cohen, S., Solovchenko, A. E., Batushansky, A., Kaye, Y., Sikron, N., Samani, T., Fait, A., & Boussiba, S. (2013) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-013-5092-6 · Cited by 77
Long-chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Natural Ecosystems and the Human Diet: Assumptions and Challenges
Gladyshev, M. I., & Sushchik, N. N. (2019) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom9090485 · Cited by 77
Issues surrounding fish as a source of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids
Tocher, D. (2009) · Lipid Technology · doi:10.1002/lite.200800079 · Cited by 74
BIOSYNTHESIS OF EICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID (EPA) IN THE FRESHWATER EUSTIGMATOPHYTE MONODUS SUBTERRANEUS (EUSTIGMATOPHYCEAE)1
Khozin‐Goldberg, I., Didi‐Cohen, S., Shayakhmetova, I., & Cohen, Z. (2002) · Journal of Phycology · doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2002.02006.x · Cited by 66
Silicon enhances the growth of Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin under green light and low temperature
Zhao, P., Gu, W., Wu, S., Huang, A., He, L., Xie, X., Gao, S., Zhang, B., Niu, J., Lin, A., et al. (2014) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep03958 · Cited by 65
Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus starvation on the polyunsaturated triacylglycerol composition, including positional isomer distribution, in the alga Trachydiscus minutus
Řezanka, T., Lukavský, J., Nedbalová, L., & Sigler, K. (2011) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.08.017 · Cited by 64
Metabolic pathways for lipid synthesis under nitrogen stress in Chlamydomonas and Nannochloropsis
Banerjee, A., Maiti, S. K., Guria, C., & Banerjee, C. (2016) · Biotechnology Letters · doi:10.1007/s10529-016-2216-y · Cited by 58
The implications of substituting dietary fish oil with vegetable oils on the growth performance, fillet fatty acid profile and modulation of the fatty acid elongase, desaturase and oxidation activities of red hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis sp.
Teoh, C.-Y., & Ng, W. (2016) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.09.023 · Cited by 56
Microalgae as a Source for VLC-PUFA Production
Khozin‐Goldberg, I., Leu, S., & Boussiba, S. (2016) · Sub-cellular biochemistry/Subcellular biochemistry · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-25979-6_19 · Cited by 54
Trachydiscus minutus, a new biotechnological source of eicosapentaenoic acid
Řezanka, T., Petránková, M., Cepák, V., Přibyl, P., Sigler, K., & Cajthaml, T. (2010) · Folia Microbiologica · doi:10.1007/s12223-010-0039-0 · Cited by 53
Molecular Genetics of Lipid Metabolism in the Model Green Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Moellering, E. R., Miller, R., & Benning, C. (2009) · Advances in photosynthesis and respiration · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2863-1_7 · Cited by 51
Lipid metabolism and potentials of biofuel and high added-value oil production in red algae
Sato, N., Moriyama, T., Mori, N., & Toyoshima, M. (2017) · World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s11274-017-2236-3 · Cited by 44
Enhancing lipid production of the marine diatom Chaetoceros gracilis: synergistic interactions of sodium chloride and silicon
Adams, C. B., & Bugbee, B. G. (2013) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1007/s10811-013-0156-7 · Cited by 43
Quantitative significance of n-3 essential fatty acid contribution by heterotrophic protists in marine pelagic food webs
Chu, F., Lund, E., & Podbesek, J. (2008) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps07215 · Cited by 33
Non‐methylene Interrupted and Hydroxy Fatty Acids in Polar Lipids of the Alga Grateloupia turuturu Over the Four Seasons
Kendel, M., Barnathan, G., Fleurence, J., Rabesaotra, V., & Wielgosz‐Collin, G. (2013) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/s11745-013-3783-5 · Cited by 25
Coupled effect of silicate and nickel on the growth and lipid production in the diatom Nitzschia perspicua
Jiang, Y., Nunez, M., Laverty, K. S., & Quigg, A. S. (2014) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1007/s10811-014-0412-5 · Cited by 16
Production of Eicosapentaenoic Acid Using Heterotrophically Grown Microalgae
Wen, Z., & Chen, F. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-893997-73-8.50012-8 · Cited by 12
On the nature and rôle of the fatty acids essential in nutrition
Burr, G. O., & Burr, M. M. (1981) · Progress in Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/0163-7827(81)90004-7 · Cited by 9
Applications of Single Cell Oils for Animal Nutrition
Abril, J. R., Wills, T., & Harding, F. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-893997-73-8.50022-0 · Cited by 4
Applications of Single Cell Oils for Aquaculture
Velasco-Escudero, M., & Gong, H. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-893997-73-8.50023-2 · Cited by 3
Brain lipids in health and disease
Hall, J., & Harwood, J. L. (2017) · ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) · Cited by 1
Self-citation

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 125 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 6

Gurr, M.I., Harwood, J.L., Frayn, K.N., Murphy, D.J., and Michell, R.H. (2016). Lipids: Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Wiley/Blackwell. [6th ed.].
Gunstone, F.D., Harwood, J.L., and Dijkstra, A. (2007). The Lipid Handbook, CRC Press. [3rd ed.].
Ratledge, C., and Cohen, Z. (2010). Single Cell Oils: Microbial and Algal Oils, AOCS Press.
Chopin, 2017, Seaweed aquaculture- from the global, mostly Asian, picture to the opportunities and constraints of the Canadian scene, Bull. Aquac. Assoc. Can., 1, 3
Santigosa, E., Verlhac-Trichet, V., Olsen, R.E., and Figuereido-Silva, C.A. (2018, January 3–7). A microalgal oil containing EPA+DHA can be an effective source of omega-3 for Atlantic salmon post-smolts. Proceedings of the 18th International Symposium on Fish Nutrition and Feeding (ISFNF), Las Palmas, Spain. Abstract 3.20.
Ruyter, B., Sissener, N.H., Ostbye, T.-K., Simon, C.J., Krasnov, A., Bou, M., Sanden, M., Nichols, P.D., Lutfi, E., and Berge, G.M. (2018, January 3–7). Omega-3 Canola oil effectively replaces fish oil as a dietary source of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in feed for Atlantic salmon in freshwater and seawater. Proceedings of the 18th International Symposium on Fish Nutrition and Feeding (ISFNF), Las Palmas, Spain. Abstract 3.02.

Sorted by citations

Omega-3 Versus Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Prevention and Treatment of Inflammatory Skin Diseases
Balić, A., Vlašić, D., Žužul, K., Marinović, B., & Bukvić Mokos, Z. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21030741 · Cited by 400
Overconsumption of Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) versus Deficiency of Omega-3 PUFAs in Modern-Day Diets: The Disturbing Factor for Their “Balanced Antagonistic Metabolic Functions” in the Human Body
Mariamenatu, A. H., & Abdu, E. M. (2021) · Journal of Lipids · doi:10.1155/2021/8848161 · Cited by 393
Fatty Acids of Microalgae: Diversity and Applications
Maltsev, Y., & Maltseva, K. (2021) · Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology · doi:10.1007/s11157-021-09571-3 · Cited by 226
Oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids to produce lipid mediators
Christie, W. W., & Harwood, J. L. (2020) · Essays in Biochemistry · doi:10.1042/ebc20190082 · Cited by 231
Self-citation
Upgrading of marine (fish and crustaceans) biowaste for high added-value molecules and bio(nano)-materials
Maschmeyer, T., Luque, R., & Selva, M. (2020) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/c9cs00653b · Cited by 185

See all 171

Authors: Harwood, J.
Affiliations: Cardiff University (GB)
Corresponding author: Harwood, John
ORCID: Harwood, John
Venue: Biomolecules
Publisher: MDPI AG
Published: 2019-11-06
Volume: 9
Issue: 11
Pages: 708
ISSN: 2218-273X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3390/biom9110708
PMC: PMC6920940
OpenAlex: W2988479009
Cited by: 171
References: 125
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 15
FWCI: 0.68
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
dx.doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Biomolecules (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (acceptedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: Natural Environment Research Council (N/A)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Lipid metabolism and biosynthesis
Keywords: very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, algae, fatty acid synthesis, lipid mediators, eicosanoids, resolvins, protectins, algal oil, omega-3 fatty acids, omega-6 fatty acids, fish consumption, dietary fat
MeSH terms: Chlorophyta, Fatty Acids, Unsaturated, Plant Oils

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Algae: Critical Sources of Very Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks