Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 0

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 14 of the 14 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Priming the Brain Before Chemotherapy: Chronic Stress and HPA-Axis Dysregulation in Cancer-Related Cognitive Impairment

Andrews, Lijo, El Khaldi, Yasmin, George, Tracy, Abuhamdah, Tala, Knezevic, Nebojsa Nick·2026·Brain Sciences
DOI 10.3390/brainsci16101071
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) is often attributed to chemotherapy, yet cognitive deficits are detectable in some patients before systemic treatment begins. This review examines a proposed two-hit framework in which cancer-related psychological and physiological stress contributes to pretreatment neural vulnerability, followed by superimposed chemotherapy-associated neurotoxicity. The review focuses on adults with non-central nervous system cancers. This narrative review synthesizes epidemiologic, neuroendocrine, neuroimaging, neuroimmune, autonomic, preclinical, and clinical evidence addressing chronic stress biology, pretreatment cognitive and brain changes, chemotherapy-related neurotoxicity, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis interactions, and potential interventions. Pretreatment cognitive impairment has been reported in approximately one-quarter of patients, accompanied by elevated inflammatory cytokines, altered neurotrophic signaling, and changes in amygdala–hippocampal connectivity. The first hit may reflect interacting cancer- and host-related factors, including systemic inflammation, distress, sleep disruption, fatigue, pain, and HPA-axis/circadian dysregulation. The second hit occurs when chemotherapy inflicts superimposed neurotoxic injury, including white matter degradation, suppressed hippocampal neurogenesis, and blood–brain barrier disruption. The relationship may also be bidirectional: chemotherapy can perturb HPA-axis function, while glucocorticoid signaling may influence treatment response and antitumor immunity. Behavioral, autonomic, and circadian interventions are mechanistically promising, although neuroprotective efficacy remains uncertain. CRCI is likely multifactorial and may begin before chemotherapy. The two-hit framework integrates pretreatment stress-related vulnerability with treatment-associated neurotoxicity but remains hypothesis-generating rather than causally established. Prospective studies beginning at diagnosis and incorporating serial cognitive, psychological, endocrine, inflammatory, autonomic, and neuroimaging measures are needed to test this model and identify patients at greatest risk.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/brainsci16101071

Cites

14 of 14 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 14 references

Research works printed but not linked: 91

  1. Dijkshoorn, 2021, Prevalence of cognitive impairment and change in patients with breast cancer: A systematic review of longitudinal studies, Psycho-Oncology, 30, 635, 10.1002/pon.5623 · DOI
  2. Chan, 2023, Cognitive impairment in adolescent and young adult cancer patients: Pre-treatment findings of a longitudinal study, Cancer Med., 12, 4821, 10.1002/cam4.5295 · DOI
  3. Talukdar, 2025, The interplay of chronic stress and cancer: Pathophysiology and implications for integrated care, Cancer Rep., 8, e70143
  4. Whittaker, 2022, Prevalence of cognitive impairment following chemotherapy treatment for breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Sci. Rep., 12, 2135, 10.1038/s41598-022-05682-1 · DOI
  5. Leskinen, 2025, Chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment and changes in neural network dynamics: A systematic review, Neurology, 104, e210130, 10.1212/WNL.0000000000210130 · DOI · Paper page
  6. Bray, 2024, Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries, CA Cancer J. Clin., 74, 229
  7. Wagle, 2025, Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2025, CA Cancer J. Clin., 75, 308
  8. Amiri, S. (2024). The prevalence of anxiety symptoms/disorders in cancer patients: A meta-analysis. Front. Psychiatry, 15. · DOI
  9. Omari, M., Amaadour, L., Zarrouq, B., Al-Sheikh, Y.A., El Asri, A., Kriya, S., Nadi, S., Benbrahim, Z., Mellas, N., and El Rhazi, K. (2023). Evaluation of psychological distress is essential for patients with locally advanced breast cancer prior to neoadjuvant chemotherapy: Baseline findings from cohort study. BMC Women’s Health, 23. · DOI
  10. Ge, 2025, Global prevalence of mental health problems among cancer survivors: A meta-analysis from 31 countries, Psycho-Oncology, 34, e70077, 10.1002/pon.70077 · DOI
  11. Sarabdjitsingh, 2024, Coping with the multifaceted and multifunctional role of cortisol in the brain, Curr. Res. Physiol., 8, 100137
  12. Herman, 2016, Regulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical stress response, Compr. Physiol., 6, 603, 10.1002/j.2040-4603.2016.tb00694.x · DOI · Paper page
  13. McEwen, 2010, What is in a name? Integrating homeostasis, allostasis and stress, Horm. Behav., 57, 105, 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.09.011 · DOI · Paper page
  14. Ferrari, 2023, Glucocorticoids and cognitive function: A walkthrough in endogenous and exogenous alterations, J. Endocrinol. Investig., 46, 1961, 10.1007/s40618-023-02091-7 · DOI
  15. Pruessner, 2003, Two formulas for computation of the area under the curve represent measures of total hormone concentration versus time-dependent change, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 28, 916, 10.1016/S0306-4530(02)00108-7 · DOI · Paper page
  16. Lupien, 2018, The effects of chronic stress on the human brain: From neurotoxicity, to vulnerability, to opportunity, Front. Neuroendocrinol., 49, 91, 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.02.001 · DOI
  17. Lucassen, 2014, Neuropathology of stress, Acta Neuropathol., 127, 109, 10.1007/s00401-013-1223-5 · DOI
  18. Cardoner, 2024, Impact of stress on brain morphology: Insights into structural biomarkers of stress-related disorders, Curr. Neuropharmacol., 22, 935, 10.2174/1570159X21666230703091435 · DOI · Paper page
  19. Watanabe, 1992, Stress induces atrophy of apical dendrites of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons, Brain Res., 588, 341, 10.1016/0006-8993(92)91597-8 · DOI · Paper page
  20. McEwen, 1995, Stress-induced atrophy of apical dendrites of hippocampal CA3c neurons: Involvement of glucocorticoid secretion and excitatory amino acid receptors, Neuroscience, 69, 89, 10.1016/0306-4522(95)00259-L · DOI · Paper page
  21. McEwen, 1996, Chronic psychosocial stress causes apical dendritic atrophy of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons in subordinate tree shrews, J. Neurosci., 16, 3534, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-10-03534.1996 · DOI · Paper page
  22. Lupien, 1998, Cortisol levels during human aging predict hippocampal atrophy and memory deficits, Nat. Neurosci., 1, 69, 10.1038/271 · DOI · Paper page
  23. Wellman, 2001, Dendritic reorganization in pyramidal neurons in medial prefrontal cortex after chronic corticosterone administration, J. Neurobiol., 49, 245, 10.1002/neu.1079 · DOI · Paper page
  24. Cook, 2004, Chronic stress alters dendritic morphology in rat medial prefrontal cortex, J. Neurobiol., 60, 236, 10.1002/neu.20025 · DOI
  25. Kremen, 2010, Salivary cortisol and prefrontal cortical thickness in middle-aged men: A twin study, NeuroImage, 53, 1093, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.02.026 · DOI
  26. Hercher, 2010, Anterior cingulate pyramidal neurons display altered dendritic branching in depressed suicides, J. Psychiatr. Res., 44, 286, 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.08.011 · DOI
  27. Cisler, 2013, Differential functional connectivity within an emotion regulation neural network among individuals resilient and susceptible to the depressogenic effects of early life stress, Psychol. Med., 43, 507, 10.1017/S0033291712001390 · DOI · Paper page
  28. Vyas, 2002, Chronic stress induces contrasting patterns of dendritic remodeling in hippocampal and amygdaloid neurons, J. Neurosci., 22, 6810, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-15-06810.2002 · DOI · Paper page
  29. Vyas, 2004, Recovery after chronic stress fails to reverse amygdaloid neuronal hypertrophy and enhanced anxiety-like behavior, Neuroscience, 128, 667, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.07.013 · DOI · Paper page
  30. Mitra, 2005, Stress duration modulates the spatiotemporal patterns of spine formation in the basolateral amygdala, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 102, 9371, 10.1073/pnas.0504011102 · DOI · Paper page
  31. Popoli, 2012, The stressed synapse: The impact of stress and glucocorticoids on glutamate transmission, Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 13, 22, 10.1038/nrn3138 · DOI · Paper page
  32. Choudary, 2005, Altered cortical glutamatergic and GABAergic signal transmission with glial involvement in depression, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 102, 15653, 10.1073/pnas.0507901102 · DOI
  33. Musazzi, L., Milanese, M., Farisello, P., Zappettini, S., Tardito, D., Barbiero, V.S., Bonifacino, T., Mallei, A., Baldelli, P., and Racagni, G. (2010). Acute stress increases depolarization-evoked glutamate release in the rat prefrontal/frontal cortex: The dampening action of antidepressants. PLoS ONE, 5, Correction in PLoS ONE 2010, 5, 10-1371. · DOI
  34. Yuen, 2011, Mechanisms for acute stress-induced enhancement of glutamatergic transmission and working memory, Mol. Psychiatry, 16, 156, 10.1038/mp.2010.50 · DOI · Paper page
  35. Calcia, 2016, Stress and neuroinflammation: A systematic review of the effects of stress on microglia and the implications for mental illness, Psychopharmacology, 233, 1637, 10.1007/s00213-016-4218-9 · DOI
  36. Frank, 2019, Microglia: Neuroimmune-sensors of stress, Semin. Cell Dev. Biol., 94, 176, 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.01.001 · DOI
  37. Woźny-Rasała, I., and Ogłodek, E.A. (2025). NLRP3 inflammasome in stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders: Mechanisms of neuron–microglia–astrocyte crosstalk, HPA axis dysregulation, and therapeutic perspective. Biomolecules, 15. · DOI
  38. Feng, X., Zhao, Y., Yang, T., Song, M., Wang, C., Yao, Y., and Fan, H. (2019). Glucocorticoid-driven NLRP3 inflammasome activation in hippocampal microglia mediates chronic stress-induced depressive-like behaviors. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 12. · DOI
  39. Kim, 2018, Stress and heart rate variability: A meta-analysis and review of the literature, Psychiatry Investig., 15, 235, 10.30773/pi.2017.08.17 · DOI · Paper page
  40. Pavlov, 2012, The vagus nerve and the inflammatory reflex—Linking immunity and metabolism, Nat. Rev. Endocrinol., 8, 743, 10.1038/nrendo.2012.189 · DOI · Paper page
  41. Borovikova, 2000, Vagus nerve stimulation attenuates the systemic inflammatory response to endotoxin, Nature, 405, 458, 10.1038/35013070 · DOI · Paper page
  42. Wang, 2003, Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α7 subunit is an essential regulator of inflammation, Nature, 421, 384, 10.1038/nature01339 · DOI · Paper page
  43. Thayer, 2009, Heart rate variability, prefrontal neural function, and cognitive performance: The neurovisceral integration perspective on self-regulation, adaptation, and health, Ann. Behav. Med., 37, 141, 10.1007/s12160-009-9101-z · DOI · Paper page
  44. Thayer, 2012, A meta-analysis of heart rate variability and neuroimaging studies: Implications for heart rate variability as a marker of stress and health, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 36, 747, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.11.009 · DOI · Paper page
  45. Sicuso, 2021, Resting state fMRI connectivity of amygdala and hippocampus in women with breast cancer prior to chemotherapy, Eur. Psychiatry, 64, S408, 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1092 · DOI
  46. Olson, B., and Marks, D.L. (2019). Pretreatment cancer-related cognitive impairment—Mechanisms and outlook. Cancers, 11. · DOI
  47. Fayette, 2023, Pretreatment cancer-related cognitive impairment in Hodgkin lymphoma patients, Curr. Oncol., 30, 9028, 10.3390/curroncol30100652 · DOI
  48. Capetti, 2026, Pre-treatment cognitive impairment in patients with NSCLC: Prevalence and psychosocial factors, IBRO Neurosci. Rep., 21, 316, 10.1016/j.ibneur.2026.07.007 · DOI
  49. Colloca, 2024, The nocebo effect, Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 64, 171, 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-022723-112425 · DOI
  50. Michnevich, T., Pan, Y., Hendi, A., Oechsle, K., Stein, A., and Nestoriuc, Y. (2022). Preventing adverse events of chemotherapy for gastrointestinal cancer by educating patients about the nocebo effect: A randomized-controlled trial. BMC Cancer, 22. · DOI
  51. Rief, 2011, Mechanisms involved in placebo and nocebo responses and implications for drug trials, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 90, 722, 10.1038/clpt.2011.204 · DOI
  52. Johansen, 2003, Placebo and nocebo responses, cortisol, and circulating beta-endorphin, Psychosom. Med., 65, 786, 10.1097/01.PSY.0000082626.56217.CF · DOI
  53. Benedetti, 1997, Blockade of nocebo hyperalgesia by the cholecystokinin antagonist proglumide, Pain, 71, 135, 10.1016/S0304-3959(97)03346-0 · DOI · Paper page
  54. Dietrich, 2006, CNS progenitor cells and oligodendrocytes are targets of chemotherapeutic agents in vitro and in vivo, J. Biol., 5, 22, 10.1186/jbiol50 · DOI
  55. Dietrich, 2008, Clinical patterns and biological correlates of cognitive dysfunction associated with cancer therapy, Oncologist, 13, 1285, 10.1634/theoncologist.2008-0130 · DOI
  56. Apple, 2017, Subtle hippocampal deformities in breast cancer survivors with reduced episodic memory and self-reported cognitive concerns, NeuroImage Clin., 14, 685, 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.03.004 · DOI
  57. Chen, V.C., Chuang, W., Tsai, Y.H., McIntyre, R.S., and Weng, J.C. (2024). Longitudinal assessment of chemotherapy-induced brain connectivity changes in cerebral white matter and its correlation with cognitive functioning using the GQI. Front. Neurol., 15. · DOI
  58. Shafqat, 2022, The Achilles’ heel of cancer survivors: Fundamentals of accelerated cellular senescence, J. Clin. Investig., 132, e158452, 10.1172/JCI158452 · DOI
  59. Branca, 2018, Oxaliplatin-induced blood brain barrier loosening: A new point of view on chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity, Oncotarget, 9, 23426, 10.18632/oncotarget.25193 · DOI
  60. Fleming, 2023, Cognitive impairment after cancer treatment: Mechanisms, clinical characterization, and management, BMJ, 380, e071726, 10.1136/bmj-2022-071726 · DOI
  61. Colaes, 2025, Unveiling the impact of chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer: A longitudinal study on peripheral inflammation, multimodal magnetic resonance imaging, and cognition, Cancer, 131, e70095, 10.1002/cncr.70095 · DOI · Paper page
  62. Menning, 2018, Changes in brain white matter integrity after systemic treatment for breast cancer: A prospective longitudinal study, Brain Imaging Behav., 12, 324, 10.1007/s11682-017-9695-x · DOI
  63. McDonald, 2013, Frontal gray matter reduction after breast cancer chemotherapy and association with executive symptoms: A replication and extension study, Brain Behav. Immun., 30, S117, 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.05.007 · DOI
  64. Schroyen, 2022, Blood and neuroimaging biomarkers of cognitive sequelae in breast cancer patients throughout chemotherapy: A systematic review, Transl. Oncol., 16, 101297, 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101297 · DOI
  65. Sephton, 2000, Diurnal cortisol rhythm as a predictor of breast cancer survival, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 92, 994, 10.1093/jnci/92.12.994 · DOI · Paper page
  66. Bower, 2005, Diurnal cortisol rhythm and fatigue in breast cancer survivors, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 92, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2004.06.003 · DOI · Paper page
  67. Ding, 2025, The regulation mechanism of perceived stress on cognitive function of patients with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy: A multiple mediation analysis, Breast Cancer Res. Treat., 211, 245, 10.1007/s10549-025-07641-6 · DOI
  68. Root, 2015, Cognitive and brain structural changes in a lung cancer population, J. Thorac. Oncol., 10, 38, 10.1097/JTO.0000000000000345 · DOI
  69. Vaquero, 2025, Cancer-related cognitive impairment in patients with lung cancer, Neurology, 104, e213651, 10.1212/WNL.0000000000213651 · DOI
  70. Zhang, 2023, Cognitive changes are associated with increased blood-brain barrier leakage in non-brain metastases lung cancer patients, Brain Imaging Behav., 17, 90, 10.1007/s11682-022-00745-3 · DOI
  71. Liu, S., Guo, Y., Ni, J., Yin, N., Li, C., Pan, X., Ma, R., Wu, J., Li, S., and Li, X. (2022). Chemotherapy-induced functional brain abnormality in colorectal cancer patients: A resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Front. Oncol., 12. · DOI
  72. Correa, 2017, Brain structure and function in patients with ovarian cancer treated with first-line chemotherapy: A pilot study, Brain Imaging Behav., 11, 1652, 10.1007/s11682-016-9608-4 · DOI
  73. Vachha, 2022, Altered regional homogeneity in patients with ovarian cancer treated with chemotherapy: A resting state fMRI study, Brain Imaging Behav., 16, 539, 10.1007/s11682-021-00525-5 · DOI
  74. Alibhai, 2021, Association of chemotherapy, enzalutamide, abiraterone, and radium 223 with cognitive function in older men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, JAMA Netw. Open, 4, e2114694, 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.14694 · DOI
  75. Wefel, 2004, The cognitive sequelae of standard-dose adjuvant chemotherapy in women with breast carcinoma, Cancer, 100, 2292, 10.1002/cncr.20272 · DOI
  76. Ono, M., Ogilvie, J.M., Wilson, J.S., Green, H.J., Chambers, S.K., Ownsworth, T., and Shum, D.H.K. (2015). A meta-analysis of cognitive impairment and decline associated with adjuvant chemotherapy in women with breast cancer. Front. Oncol., 5. · DOI
  77. Greenstein, 2021, Glucocorticoid receptor antagonism promotes apoptosis in solid tumor cells, Oncotarget, 12, 1243, 10.18632/oncotarget.27989 · DOI
  78. Munster, 2022, Overcoming taxane resistance: Preclinical and phase 1 studies of relacorilant, a selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator, with nab-paclitaxel in solid tumors, Clin. Cancer Res., 28, 3214, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-21-4363 · DOI
  79. Pan, 2021, Cisplatin-mediated activation of glucocorticoid receptor induces platinum resistance via MAST1, Nat. Commun., 12, 4960, 10.1038/s41467-021-24845-8 · DOI
  80. Flaherty, 2019, Stress and drug resistance in cancer, Cancer Drug Resist., 2, 773
  81. Yang, 2019, Stress–glucocorticoid–TSC22D3 axis compromises therapy-induced antitumor immunity, Nat. Med., 25, 1428, 10.1038/s41591-019-0566-4 · DOI · Paper page
  82. Kanter, 2024, Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis dysfunction in people with cancer: A systematic review, Cancer Med., 13, e70366, 10.1002/cam4.70366 · DOI
  83. Morrow, 2002, Reduction in serum cortisol after platinum based chemotherapy for cancer: A role for the HPA axis in treatment-related nausea?, Psychophysiology, 39, 491, 10.1111/1469-8986.3940491 · DOI
  84. Grosso, 2024, Risk factors associated with nocebo effects: A review of reviews, Brain Behav. Immun. Health, 38, 100800, 10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100800 · DOI
  85. Spada, G.E., Masiero, M., Pizzoli, S.F.M., and Pravettoni, G. (2022). Heart rate variability biofeedback in cancer patients: A scoping review. Behav. Sci., 12. · DOI
  86. Inbaraj, 2023, Effects of an 18-week integrated yoga program on cardiac autonomic function in breast cancer patients undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy: A randomized controlled trial, Integr. Cancer Ther., 22, 15347354231168795, 10.1177/15347354231168795 · DOI
  87. Lavín-Pérez, A.M., Collado-Mateo, D., Mayo, X., Liguori, G., Humphreys, L., and Jiménez, A. (2021). Can exercise reduce the autonomic dysfunction of patients with cancer and its survivors? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Psychol., 12. · DOI
  88. Hiller, 2020, Preoperative β-blockade with propranolol reduces biomarkers of metastasis in breast cancer: A phase II randomized trial, Clin. Cancer Res., 26, 1803, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-2641 · DOI
  89. Zidani, 1997, Randomised multicentre trial of chronotherapy with oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and folinic acid in metastatic colorectal cancer, Lancet, 350, 681, 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)03358-8 · DOI
  90. Giacchetti, 2006, Phase III trial comparing 4-day chronomodulated therapy versus 2-day conventional delivery of fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin in metastatic colorectal cancer, J. Clin. Oncol., 24, 3562, 10.1200/JCO.2006.06.1440 · DOI
  91. Johnson, 2020, The effect of a light therapy intervention on diurnal salivary cortisol in fatigued cancer survivors: A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial, J. Psychosom. Res., 139, 110266, 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110266 · DOI

Metadata

Authors
Andrews, L., El Khaldi, Y., George, T., Abuhamdah, T., & Knezevic, N. N.
Venue
Brain Sciences
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2026-10-06
Volume
16
Issue
10
Pages
1071
ISSN
2076-3425
DOI
10.3390/brainsci16101071
Cited by
0
References
14
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Priming the Brain Before Chemotherapy: Chronic Stress and HPA-Axis Dysregulation in Cancer-Related Cognitive Impairment. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3390/brainsci16101071
The paper
Andrews, L., El Khaldi, Y., George, T., Abuhamdah, T., & Knezevic, N. N. (2026). Priming the Brain Before Chemotherapy: Chronic Stress and HPA-Axis Dysregulation in Cancer-Related Cognitive Impairment. Brain Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci16101071

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.