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ER Stress-Induced Secretion of Proteins and Their Extracellular Functions in the Heart

Meyer, Bianca A., Doroudgar, Shirin·2020·Cells
DOI 10.3390/cells9092066PMC PMC7563782
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Abstract

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a result of conditions that imbalance protein homeostasis or proteostasis at the ER, for example ischemia, and is a common event in various human pathologies, including the diseased heart. Cardiac integrity and function depend on the active secretion of mature proteins from a variety of cell types in the heart, a process that requires an intact ER environment for efficient protein folding and trafficking to the secretory pathway. As a consequence of ER stress, most protein secretion by the ER secretory pathway is decreased. Strikingly, there is a select group of proteins that are secreted in greater quantities during ER stress. ER stress resulting from the dysregulation of ER Ca2+ levels, for instance, stimulates the secretion of Ca2+-binding ER chaperones, especially GRP78, GRP94, calreticulin, and mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF), which play a multitude of roles outside the cell, strongly depending on the cell type and tissue. Here we review current insights in ER stress-induced secretion of proteins, particularly from the heart, and highlight the extracellular functions of these proteins, ranging from the augmentation of cardiac cell viability to the modulation of pro- and anti-apoptotic, oncogenic, and immune-stimulatory cell signaling, cell invasion, extracellular proteostasis, and more. Many of the roles of ER stress-induced protein secretion remain to be explored in the heart. This article is part of a special issue entitled “The Role of Proteostasis Derailment in Cardiac Diseases.”

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Metadata

Authors
Meyer, B. A., & Doroudgar, S.
Affiliations
Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology), Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 669, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
ORCID
Doroudgar, Shirin
Venue
Cells
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2020-09-10
Volume
9
Issue
9
Pages
2066
ISSN
2073-4409
DOI
10.3390/cells9092066
PMC
PMC7563782
Cited by
51
References
3
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Funders
Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung (FKZ 81X3500109)

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

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