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Cited by 64Cancer Immunotherapy and BiomarkersChemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity and mitigationViral Infections and Immunology Research

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors-Related Myocarditis: A Review of Reported Clinical Cases

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Zotova, Liudmila·2023·Diagnostics
DOI 10.3390/diagnostics13071243PMC PMC10093455
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Abstract

Myocarditis associated with the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) is a rare manifestation of their cardiotoxicity, but is characterized by a high mortality rate. A literature search was conducted using PubMed using keywords, which resulted in the selection of 679 scientific works, from which 160 articles that described 244 clinical cases were selected. The median age of the patients was 67 years (IQR, 60–74). The median time from the start of ICI therapy to the development of the first adverse symptoms was 21 days (IQR, 14–38.3). In 37% of cases, myocarditis developed after the first administration of ICI. Cardiac symptoms were present in 47.1% of cases, neuromuscular symptoms in 30.3%, and other symptoms in 12.6%, while myocarditis was asymptomatic in 10.1% of cases. New changes in the electrocardiograms were detected in 85.1% of patients compared to the initial data. A high incidence of complete atrioventricular block (25.4%), right bundle branch block (18.4%), ventricular tachycardia (13%), and sinus tachycardia (12%) were noted. In 97% of the cases, the patients received prednisolone or methylprednisolone therapy. When using ICI, special attention should be paid to the early detection of possible cardiotoxicity by analyzing the condition and function of the myocardium before treatment and its dynamics.

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  • Following ICI therapy, 40% of patients with myocarditis experience concomitant myositis, confirmed in mouse models.

    “Following ICI therapy, 40% of patients with myocarditis experience concomitant myositis, confirmed in mouse models. 41,42,46,68,282”

    From Autoimmune Myocarditis, Old Dogs and New Tricks. (2024) · cites this paper as [282]

    The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that concomitant myositis occurs in 30–40% of ICI-associated myocarditis cases, supporting the approximate 40% figure. The Introduction describes mouse studies of myocarditis, but does not say that mouse models confirmed the myocarditis–myositis overlap. (LLM, conf=0.88)

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200 of 206 shown

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Zotova, L.
Affiliations
Ryazan State Medical University named after Academician I.P. Pavlov (RU)
Corresponding author
Zotova, Liudmila
ORCID
Zotova, Liudmila
Venue
Diagnostics
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2023-03-25
Volume
13
Issue
7
Pages
1243
ISSN
2075-4418 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/diagnostics13071243
PMC
PMC10093455
OpenAlex
W4361010194
Cited by
64
References
6
Citations by year
2026: 19 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 8
FWCI
2.07
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Diagnostics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity and mitigation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Viral Infections and Immunology Research
Keywords
immune checkpoint inhibitors, myocarditis, cardiotoxicity, adverse drug reactions, electrocardiographic changes, complete heart block, right bundle branch block, ventricular tachycardia, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, early detection of cardiotoxicity

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