Management of Immune-Related Adverse Events in Patients Treated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline
Open accessAbstract
Purpose: To increase awareness, outline strategies, and offer guidance on the recommended management of immune-related adverse events in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICPi) therapy. Methods: A multidisciplinary, multi-organizational panel of experts in medical oncology, dermatology, gastroenterology, rheumatology, pulmonology, endocrinology, urology, neurology, hematology, emergency medicine, nursing, trialist, and advocacy was convened to develop the clinical practice guideline. Guideline development involved a systematic review of the literature and an informal consensus process. The systematic review focused on guidelines, systematic reviews and meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, and case series published from 2000 through 2017. Results: The systematic review identified 204 eligible publications. Much of the evidence consisted of systematic reviews of observational data, consensus guidelines, case series, and case reports. Due to the paucity of high-quality evidence on management of immune-related adverse events, recommendations are based on expert consensus. Recommendations: Recommendations for specific organ system–based toxicity diagnosis and management are presented. While management varies according to organ system affected, in general, ICPi therapy should be continued with close monitoring for grade 1 toxicities, with the exception of some neurologic, hematologic, and cardiac toxicities. ICPi therapy may be suspended for most grade 2 toxicities, with consideration of resuming when symptoms revert to grade 1 or less. Corticosteroids may be administered. Grade 3 toxicities generally warrant suspension of ICPis and the initiation of high-dose corticosteroids (prednisone 1 to 2 mg/kg/d or methylprednisolone 1 to 2 mg/kg/d). Corticosteroids should be tapered over the course of at least 4 to 6 weeks. Some refractory cases may require infliximab or other immunosuppressive therapy. In general, permanent discontinuation of ICPis is recommended with grade 4 toxicities, with the exception of endocrinopathies that have been controlled by hormone replacement. Additional information is available at www.asco.org/supportive-care-guidelines and www.asco.org/guidelineswiki .
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Corticosteroids may be safely administered without compromising outcomes.
“and may be safely administered without compromising outcomes [16,64].”
From Graves’ Disease during Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy (A Case Series and Literature Review) (2021) · cites this paper as [64]
The Recommendations (page unavailable) endorse corticosteroids for several immune-related adverse events, supporting their administration in that setting. They do not establish that corticosteroids leave cancer outcomes unaffected; the passage reporting no negative effect on overall survival concerns stronger immunosuppressive agents used for corticosteroid-refractory colitis. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMost international guidelines recommend higher doses of corticosteroids (from 0.5 to 2 mg/kg/day) for other irAEs.
“Although most international guidelines recommend higher doses of corticosteroids (from 0.5 to 2 mg/kg/day) for other irAEs,5,32,33”
From Moderate-to-severe eosinophilia induced by treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors: 37 cases from a national reference center for hypereosinophilic syndromes and the French pharmacovigilance database (2020) · cites this paper as [5]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPatients with pre-existing anti-thyroid antibodies have a much higher risk of thyroid dysfunction; three studies reported 20-50% versus 1-2.5% in antibody-negative patients.
“three studies showed that patients with antithyroglobulin or anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies had a much higher risk of thyroid dysfunction compared with patients negative for these antibodies (20-50% vs. 1-2.5%).41–43”
From Endocrine toxicities of immune checkpoint inhibitors (2021) · cites this paper as [42]
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The Next Decade of Immune Checkpoint Therapy
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Adverse Events Following Cancer Immunotherapy: Obstacles and Opportunities
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Immune-Related Thyroiditis with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
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New NCCN Guidelines: Recognition and Management of Immunotherapy-Related Toxicity
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Self-citationHuman leukocyte antigen variation is associated with adverse events of checkpoint inhibitors
Hasan Ali, O., Berner, F., Bomze, D., Fässler, M., Diem, S., Cozzio, A., Jörger, M., Früh, M., Driessen, C., Lenz, T. L., et al. (2019) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2018.11.009 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
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Immune checkpoint inhibitor toxicities
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on behalf of the Italian Nivolumab Renal Cell Cancer Early Access Program group, Verzoni, E., Cartenì, G., Cortesi, E., Giannarelli, D., De Giglio, A., Sabbatini, R., Buti, S., Rossetti, S., Cognetti, F., et al. (2019) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1186/s40425-019-0579-z · Cited by 140 · see citing works
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IL17A Blockade Successfully Treated Psoriasiform Dermatologic Toxicity from Immunotherapy
Johnson, D., Patel, A. B., Uemura, M. I., Trinh, V. A., Jackson, N., Zobniw, C. M., Tetzlaff, M. T., Hwu, P., Curry, J. L., & Diab, A. (2019) · Cancer Immunology Research · doi:10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0682 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Autoimmune endocrine dysfunctions associated with cancer immunotherapies
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Polygenic risk for skin autoimmunity impacts immune checkpoint blockade in bladder cancer
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Adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment for cancer
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Biologic and checkpoint inhibitor‐induced liver injury: a systematic literature review
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Targeting the Gut Microbiome to Mitigate Immunotherapy-Induced Colitis in Cancer
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“Although an effective ICI may not have to be discontinued after a mild irAE, specific treatments and/or discontinuation of the ICI must be considered in the most severe cases.(5) In a recent retrospective single-center study, the prevalence of immune-related blood eosinophilia (an absolute eosinophil count (AEC) great…”
BackgroundImmune checkpoint inhibitors associated cardiovascular immune-related adverse events
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Graves’ Disease during Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy (A Case Series and Literature Review)
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“A recent review of the literature is reassuring on the use of corticosteroids for irAE management, finding that it seems not to reduce overall survival in cancer patients treated with ICPis [62,63] and may be safely administered without compromising outcomes [16,64].”
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Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors: A systematic review
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Immune checkpoints inhibitors and hyperglycemia: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
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- Authors
- Brahmer, J. R., Lacchetti, C., Schneider, B. J., Atkins, M. B., Brassil, K. J., Caterino, J. M., Chau, I., Ernstoff, M. S., Gardner, J. M., Ginex, P., Hallmeyer, S., Holter Chakrabarty, J., Leighl, N. B., Mammen, J. S., McDermott, D. F., Naing, A., Nastoupil, L. J., Phillips, T., Porter, L. D., Puzanov, I., Reichner, C. A., Santomasso, B. D., Seigel, C., Spira, A., Suarez-Almazor, M. E., Wang, Y., Weber, J. S., Wolchok, J. D., Thompson, J. A., & in collaboration with the National Comprehensive Cancer Network
- Affiliations
- American Society of Clinical Oncology (US)
- Julie R. Brahmer, Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center; Jennifer S. Mammen, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Christina Lacchetti, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria; Alexander Spira, Virginia Cancer Specialists and US Oncology Research, Fairfax, VA; Bryan J. Schneider, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI; Michael B. Atkins, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center; Cristina A. Reichner, Georgetown University; Laura D. Porter, Colon Cancer Alliance; Washington,...
- ORCID
- Brahmer, Julie R.
- Lacchetti, Christina
- Schneider, Bryan J.
- Atkins, Michael B.
- Brassil, Kelly J.
- Caterino, Jeffrey M.
- Chau, Ian
- Ernstoff, Marc S.
- Gardner, Jennifer M.
- Ginex, Pamela
- Hallmeyer, Sigrun
- Leighl, Natasha B.
- Mammen, Jennifer S.
- McDermott, David F.
- Naing, Aung
- Nastoupil, Loretta J.
- Phillips, Tanyanika
- Porter, Laura D.
- Puzanov, Igor
- Reichner, Cristina A.
- Santomasso, Bianca D.
- Spira, Alexander
- Suarez-Almazor, Maria E.
- Wang, Yinghong
- Weber, Jeffrey S.
- Wolchok, Jedd D.
- Thompson, John A.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Oncology
- Published
- 2018-06-10
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 1714-1768
- ISSN
- 0732-183X (ISSN-L)
- 1527-7755
- PMC
- PMC6481621
- OpenAlex
- W2786816161
- Semantic Scholar
- c07843ca60ee73302e5f161d2cda73b20b3ebe0f
- Cited by
- 3,713
- References
- 159
- Citations by year
- 2026: 264 · 2025: 333 · 2024: 373 · 2023: 421 · 2022: 550 · 2021: 663 · 2020: 614 · 2019: 356 · 2018: 130 · 2017: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 165.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Oncology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (P30CA006973)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Pharmacovigilance and Adverse Drug Reactions
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Keywords
- immune-related adverse events, immune checkpoint inhibitors, corticosteroid therapy, infliximab, immunosuppressive therapy, endocrine disorders, neurologic toxicity, hematologic toxicity, cardiotoxicity, skin toxicity, supportive care
- MeSH terms
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological, Adult, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humans, Neoplasms, Practice Guidelines as Topic, B7-H1 Antigen, CTLA-4 Antigen, Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
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